Superabrasive grinding wheels made of diamond or cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasives have been widely used in all aspects of grinding because of their excellent grinding properties. Diamond grinding wheels are special effects tools for grinding hard and hard materials such as cemented carbide, glass, ceramics and precious stones. In recent years, with the rapid development of high-speed grinding and ultra-precision grinding technology, higher requirements have been placed on the grinding wheel. The grinding wheel of ceramic and resin bonding has been unable to meet the production needs. The metal bond grinding wheel has its bonding strength. High performance, good formability, long service life and other significant characteristics have been widely used in production. The metal bond diamond grinding wheel is mainly of two types of sintering and electroplating depending on the manufacturing method. In order to give full play to the role of super-hard abrasives, foreign countries began to develop a new type of grinding wheel by high-temperature brazing process from the early 1990s, namely single-layer high-temperature brazing super-hard abrasive grinding wheel. At present, this kind of grinding wheel is still in the research and development stage.
2 sintered diamond wheel
Sintered metal bond grinding wheel is mostly made of bronze and other metals as a bonding agent. It is made by high-temperature sintering method. It has high bonding strength, good formability, high temperature resistance, good thermal conductivity and wear resistance, long service life and can withstand large load. Since the grinding wheel inevitably has shrinkage and deformation during the sintering process, the grinding wheel must be shaped before use, but the dressing of the grinding wheel is difficult. At present, the grinding wheel rolling method commonly used in production not only takes time and labor in dressing, but also the diamond particles fall off during the dressing process, the dressing wheel itself consumes a lot, and the shaping precision is low.
In recent years, scholars from various countries have carried out research work on the application of special processing methods to trim metal bond diamond grinding wheels, mainly including electrolytic dressing method, electric spark trimming method and composite trimming method. Electrolytic dressing method is fast, but the shaping precision is not high; the electric spark dressing method has high precision, can be shaped and sharpened, but the shaping speed is slow; the composite dressing method has electrolytic sparking composite trimming method and mechanical chemical compound trimming method. Etc., the dressing effect is better, but the system is more complicated, so the dressing problem of the sintered diamond wheel is still not well solved. In addition, because the manufacturing process of the grinding wheel determines that the surface topography is random, the geometry and distribution of each abrasive grain and the height of the cutting edge are inconsistent, so only a few high cutting edges are cut to the workpiece during grinding, limiting Further improvement in grinding quality and grinding efficiency.
3 electroplated diamond wheel
Advantages of electroplated diamond grinding wheel: 1 electroplating process is simple, less investment, easy to manufacture; 2 no need to trim, easy to use; 3 single-layer structure determines that it can reach a very high working speed, currently abroad has reached 250 ~ 300m / s; Although there is only a single layer of diamond, there is still enough life; 5 For the rollers and grinding wheels with high precision requirements, electroplating is the only manufacturing method. Because of these advantages, electroplated grinding wheels occupy an undisputed dominant position in high-speed, ultra-high-speed grinding. Defects in electroplated diamond grinding wheel: There is no strong chemical-metallurgical bond on the bonding surface between the plating metal and the substrate and the abrasive. The abrasive is actually embedded in the coating metal by mechanical embedding, so the holding force is small, and the diamond particles are under load. In heavy-duty high-efficiency grinding, it is easy to fall off (or the coating is peeled off), resulting in overall failure; in order to increase the holding force, the thickness of the coating must be increased. As a result, the bareness of the abrasive grains and the space of the chip are reduced, and the grinding wheel is prone to blockage. The heat dissipation effect is poor, and the surface of the workpiece is prone to burns. At present, the domestic electroplated grinding wheel manufacturing has not yet achieved the optimal topography of the grinding wheel according to the processing conditions. The inherent disadvantages of the single-layer electroplated diamond grinding wheel will inevitably limit its application in efficient grinding.
4 single layer brazed diamond wheel
In order to give full play to the role of diamond, it is necessary to increase the holding force of the bonding agent on the diamond and improve the bonding strength of the grinding wheel. The single-layer high-temperature brazing super-hard abrasive grinding wheel can overcome the shortcomings of the electroplated grinding wheel, and can realize the chemical metallurgical combination between the diamond, the bonding agent and the metal matrix, and has high bonding strength, and only needs to maintain the thickness of the bonding layer in the grinding. 20% to 30% of the height of the grain can firmly hold the abrasive grains in high-load high-speed and high-efficiency grinding, so that the abrasive height of the brazing wheel can reach 70% to 80%, thus increasing the chip space. The grinding wheel is not easy to block, and the use of abrasive is more sufficient. Under the same processing conditions as electroplated grinding wheels, the single-layer high-temperature brazing super-abrasive grinding wheel has lower grinding force, power loss and lower grinding temperature, which means higher working speed can be achieved, which is 300-500m/s. The above ultra-high speed grinding has special significance.
Single layer high temperature brazing non-coated diamond grinding wheel
Cr-based silver-based solder single-layer brazing wheel
Using a high-frequency induction brazing method, an Cr-added Ag-Cu alloy is used as a brazing filler metal, brazed in air at 780 ° C for 35 s, and naturally cooled to achieve a firm connection between the diamond and the steel substrate. X-ray energy spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that Cr3C2 was formed between Cr and diamond, and (FexCry)C was formed between the steel and the steel matrix. The comparison with the non-Cr solder showed that the alloy layer and diamond were realized. Both the steel and the matrix have the main factors of high bonding strength, and it is confirmed by grinding experiments that the diamond has a high holding strength. The advantage of this process is that the brazing temperature is low and the damage to the diamond is small. The disadvantage is that the silver-based solder has a low melting point, and the wear-resistant high-temperature performance is poor, and the application in high-efficiency heavy-duty grinding is limited.
Ni-Cr alloy single layer brazing wheel
The brazing process of foreign diamonds is as follows: firstly, a layer of Ni-Cr alloy is sprayed on the steel substrate with an oxyacetylene torch. This layer of active metal can be used as a brazing filler metal to directly braze the diamond abrasive grains, and then argon at 1080 ° C. Induction welding in gas for 30s. In the process of spraying the alloy layer by flame, since the surface of the steel substrate is easily oxidized, the consistency of the thickness of the bonding agent layer after brazing and the uniformity of the abrasive arrangement are difficult to effectively control.
Wu Zhibin et al. placed diamond abrasive grains directly on Ni-Cr alloy sheets or powders, pressed the diamond abrasive grains with ceramic blocks, and then brazed them on a vacuum high-frequency induction machine for 30 s, the brazing temperature was 1080 ° C; or in argon The gas-shielded radiant heating furnace is brazed, and the brazing temperature, the holding time and the cooling rate are appropriately controlled. Scanning electron microscopy X-ray energy spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that during the brazing process, the Cr element in the Ni-Cr alloy separated to form a Cr-rich layer on the diamond surface and reacted with the element on the diamond surface to form Cr3C2. Cr7C3, the alloy layer reacts with the steel matrix to form carbides of (FexCry)C while being well infiltrated with diamond. Therefore, this brazing process can ensure high bonding strength between the alloy layer and the diamond and steel matrix. The heavy-duty grinding experiment proved that the diamond was normal wear and there was no whole diamond shedding. The advantage of this process is that the strength of the Ni-Cr alloy itself is high, and the bonding strength after brazing is higher than that of the silver-based alloy brazing; the Ni-Cr alloy has a high melting point and good wear resistance and high temperature performance. However, it still has certain limitations. Because of the high brazing temperature (1080 ° C), it is easy to cause thermal damage of diamond and reduce the strength of diamond. Brazing with vacuum or argon protection can minimize the thermal damage and oxidation of diamond. .
Ma Chufan and others used NiCr13P9 alloy as the active brazing filler metal. At the same time, a small amount of Cr powder was added and heated in a vacuum furnace to 950 °C for brazing. A single-layer high-temperature brazed diamond grinding wheel for dental use was developed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there was a silver-white alloy around the diamond. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of Cr3C2. It is this carbide layer that achieves a high bonding strength between the diamond and the steel matrix. The grinding experiment also confirmed that the diamond has a high holding strength, and the life and grinding efficiency of the single-layer high-temperature brazed diamond grinding wheel are significantly improved compared with the electroplated grinding wheel.
Single layer high temperature brazing coated diamond wheel
Due to the poor thermal stability of diamond, graphitization will occur at 800 °C, so higher brazing temperature will inevitably cause thermal damage of diamond and decrease the strength of diamond. At the same time, harmful elements in the binder will cause diamond corrosion and graphite. Therefore, the diamond surface can be first coated with a layer of active metal and its alloy before brazing.
The plating technology of superabrasives mainly includes chemical vapor deposition, ion plating, thermal evaporation, vacuum micro-evaporation plating and the like. Chemical vapor deposition of Cr, vacuum micro-evaporation of Ti, etc. can effectively improve the surface properties of diamond. In the brazing process, by virtue of the intermediate effect of the coating, in addition to the easier metallurgical chemical bonding between the diamond and the binder, the reaction speed of the carbon atoms on the diamond surface is greatly increased due to the barrier effect of the coating on the oxygen in the hot air. Decreasing, at the same time, the strong carbide forming elements in the coating react with the carbon atoms on the diamond surface to form carbides, which close the dangling bonds on the diamond surface and increase the resistance of the oxidation reaction, thereby suppressing Fe, Co, and Ni in the binder. The corrosion of the diamond by the elements and the graphitization process of the diamond itself enable the brazed abrasive to maintain its original strength and crystal form.
In the brazing process, a layer of Ni-P alloy (melting point of 880 ° C) is firstly plated on the steel substrate, and then the coated diamond is arranged on the alloy layer, brazed in 1050 ° C argon for 5 min, and then cooled to room temperature. . Grinding tests show that due to the good wettability of the coated diamond and the bonding agent, the abrasive particles are effectively prevented from falling off, the grinding performance of the grinding wheel is greatly improved, and the life and processing efficiency of the grinding wheel are greatly improved. However, it should be pointed out that due to the compatibility problem between the coated diamond and the binder, only the appropriate binder and process can achieve the best physical and mechanical properties of the coated diamond.
Problems in single-layer high-temperature brazing grinding wheel and countermeasures
Although the research on single-layer high-temperature brazing grinding wheel has achieved good experimental results at home and abroad, its manufacturing process has yet to be further improved. At present, the main problems are as follows: First, what kind of brazing material and brazing process are used to produce a chemical-metallurgical bond with a high bonding strength at the diamond bonding interface; second, the thickness and uniformity of the bonding agent layer are controlled; It is a reasonable and orderly arrangement of abrasives. In order to improve the bonding strength between diamond and brazing filler metal, the key is to produce chemical metallurgical bonding between diamond, brazing filler metal and metal matrix during brazing. Therefore, the alloy brazing filler metal should contain strong carbide forming elements (such as Ti). , Cr, V, etc., and strive to braze at lower temperatures to minimize damage to diamonds. The development of a reasonable solder alloy formulation is the first problem to be solved in the development of a single-layer brazing wheel.
In the process of industrial production of brazing wheels, it is necessary to strictly control the thickness and uniformity of the bond layer. Before the brazing, the surface of the metal substrate shall be treated with a deoxidation film, and the diamond and the brazing material shall be degreased by oil. The brazing filler metal contains a strong carbide forming element and an appropriate amount of B and Si can be added to lower the melting point of the brazing filler metal and improve the fluidity and wettability of the brazing filler metal. The powder brazing filler metal is used for brazing under vacuum conditions (or inert gas protection). weld. The orderly arrangement of the abrasive prior to brazing and the consistency of the thickness of the braze material are also important to improve the uniformity of the thickness of the bond layer after brazing.
The rational and orderly arrangement of abrasives on the working surface of the grinding wheel has always been the goal pursued by the abrasive industry and is expected to be realized on a single-layer super-hard abrasive grinding wheel. In the process of developing brazing grinding wheel, firstly, according to the requirements of processing conditions, the optimal topography of the grinding wheel is optimized, and then the grinding of the grinding wheel according to the optimization result may make the grinding performance of the developed brazing wheel reach a higher level. . A regularly arranged hole having a diameter corresponding to the diameter of the diamond abrasive grain and a depth of 70% of the diamond is machined on the template, and the diamond is arranged in the hole, and the thickness of the alloy solder after melting is about 30% of the diamond height. This brazing process using the hole template not only ensures the orderly arrangement of the abrasive grains (high contour), but also ensures that the diamond has a 70% exposure height. However, its promotion and application in industrial production needs further research. Drawing on the SLS method of laser rapid prototyping technology, the laser beam is scanned under computer control on the abrasive particles pre-distributed on the bonding layer of the grinding wheel surface according to the specified topography requirements, effectively controlling the laser intensity, pulse period and spot diameter. To ensure a certain welding temperature and time, so that the abrasive particles scanned by the laser will be brazed to the grinding wheel base in an orderly manner according to the shape requirements. After removing the abrasive particles not scanned by the laser, the abrasive grains are obtained. Single-layer brazing wheel arranged in sequence.
Referring to the melt-stacking FDM method or the three-dimensional printing 3DP method, the mixture of abrasive grains and adhesives is sprayed on the substrate according to the grinding wheel shape under the control of the computer under the control of the nozzle, or the abrasive is adsorbed on the glue by the electrostatic sanding method. On the substrate, after drying, the solder powder is evenly arranged between the abrasive grains and then brazed. The electrostatic sanding method uses the electrostatic action to make the tip of the abrasive grain face upward, so the cutting performance is strong and the contour is good.
Although the single-layer high-temperature brazing super-abrasive grinding wheel is still not perfect in the manufacturing process, many scholars at home and abroad are actively conducting research, but its excellent grinding performance has attracted the attention of engineers and technicians in the grinding industry at home and abroad. Gradually replacing traditional grinding wheels will be an inevitable trend.
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