Abstract: The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important topic. Based on the analysis of the current problems in geological prospecting and utilization of mineral resources in China and their main reasons, this paper discusses the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting, analyzes the potential for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and proposes that safeguarding scientific development must be taken into consideration. Geological prospecting and comprehensive utilization of resources, and further put forward the task and focus of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Keywords: mineral resources comprehensive utilization geological prospecting
I. Introduction
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is not only an important content of geological prospecting and exploration, but also an important way for resource conservation and conservation. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources includes two aspects. The first is the comprehensive development and rational use of symbiotic and associated minerals in the development of mineral resources; the second is the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), waste gas, and waste heat generated in the future production process. , residual pressure and other recycling and rational use.
In recent years, with the intensification of resource bottlenecks and the implementation of basic national policies for resource conservation, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and mining circular economy have received increasing attention. Since 2004, the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources has successively carried out strategic research on comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, research on China's strategy for the use of low-grade mineral resources, research on strategies and management mechanisms for the conservation of mineral resources, and other research topics. China Geological Survey carried out research projects on the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. The Ministry of Land and Resources held the China Mining Circular Economy Forum and the Mining Recycling Economy Advanced Forum. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated and issued the “Guidelines for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources for the 11th Five-Year Plan,†which covers the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In 2008, the state promulgated the “Circular Economy Promotion Lawâ€, which provides regulations for the promotion of recycling economy in mining industry. It can be seen that the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue. At present, the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources is conducting a geological discussion on the prospecting of ore, studying the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting, and the potential of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. It proposes the objectives and priorities for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and is important for the scientific development of land and resources guarantees. Practical significance.
Second, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting
(1) Characteristics of China's Mineral Resources
China's total mineral resources are abundant, minerals are relatively complete, and the degree of matching is relatively high. However, due to China's large population, the per capita share of mineral resources is relatively insufficient. Major minerals such as oil, natural gas, iron, copper, potash, and diamonds, especially proven reserves of major minerals, are either in short supply or in short supply. The distribution of mineral resources in China has the following salient features.
1. More lean ore, less rich ore
Of the 159 kinds of minerals that have already been proven reserves in China, most important deposits such as iron ores, copper ore, and phosphate deposits are poor ore deposits. Among them, to identify resource reserves, the average grade of iron ore is 32%, and the iron-rich ore with a grade greater than 48% only accounts for 1.9% of China's identified iron ore resource reserves, 47.6% of which are poor ore; the average grade of copper is only 0.87%, which is less than 1/3 of the copper ore grades of the world’s major producers and trade countries; rich copper mines with grades greater than 1% only account for 30.5% of China’s identified copper reserves, and 69.5% are low-grade mines; More than 60% of the earth ore resources are low-grade ores with aluminum-silicon ratio less than 7.
2. Difficult-to-pick, difficult-to-choose, difficult-to-metallurgical mines, easy-to-use, easy-to-choose, easy to mine
Among the proven reserves of iron ore, one-third is hard-to-select hematite with fine-grained inlays. Among the poor mines to be selected, magnetite accounts for 48.8% of the total ore, vanadium magnetite accounts for 20.8%, hematite accounts for 20.8%, and mixed ore (magnetic, magnetic, and schismite) symbiotic ore ) accounted for 3.5%, siderite accounted for 3.7%, and limonite accounted for 2.4%; China's total bauxite resources accounted for more than 98% for the processing of energy-intensive water-dual aluminum; China's partial mine lead-zinc ore grade although High, but a considerable part of the ore is temporarily difficult to use effectively. As China's largest Lanping lead-zinc mine, millions of tons of oxide ore can only be piled up for use. These refractory minerals are difficult to develop and use in the near future.
3. Symbiotic, associated mineral deposits, little single deposit
Another feature of China's mineral deposits is symbiotic, associated mineral deposits and few single deposits. For example, the copper-lead-zinc ore associated components of China are complex and difficult to process. In non-ferrous metal mines, most of the associated useful components can be recycled in different degrees. Among the 45 common and associated components, 33 can be used, and the total amount of metal recovered is 15% of the total metal production in the country. Comprehensive statistics show that 35% of gold, 90% of silver, 100% of platinum group elements and 75% of pyrite are obtained through comprehensive utilization.
4. There are many small and medium-sized ore deposits, and there are few large and extra-large deposits
Taking bulk non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc as examples: Of the more than 900 copper mines that have been surveyed in China, only 1/3 of the reserves have exceeded 500,000 tons. Among the 60 large-scale mines with proven reserves exceeding 5 million tons, China only has two Yulong copper mines and two Dexing copper mines. There are 39 world lead and zinc ore reserves exceeding 5 million tons, and China only has 3 seats.
The characteristics of China's mineral resources determine that comprehensive utilization research must be conducted in order to effectively use these mineral resources.
(II) The relationship between comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting
1. Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is the premise of geological prospecting
To carry out geological prospecting, we must first solve what is the "mine" problem. The so-called “mining†is a useful mineral component delineated by mineral industry indicators, usually expressed in ore grades. Ore grade refers to the enrichment degree and unit content of useful components in metal ore deposits and some non-metallic mineral deposits (such as apatite, potash, fluorite, etc.). The level of ore grade determines the value of the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, the direction of processing and utilization, and the production technology process flow. The level of the raw ore grade indicates the degree of poverty of the ore, and the level of the concentrate grade reflects some kind of recycled composition and the level of poverty in the concentrate. The industrial grade of ore is an important ore industry index, which changes with the progress of national economic policy, scientific and technological progress, geological conditions of the deposit, and the degree of ore demand. For example, at the beginning of the 19th century, copper mines containing 10% copper were mined. Today, 0.5% copper-bearing porphyry copper mines have been mined. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources can not only reduce the industrial grade of ore and increase the output of minerals, but also can comprehensively recover the associated mineral resources, discover new mineral resources, increase ore types, expand the scope of ore prospecting, reduce waste discharge, and thus increase the economic efficiency of resource utilization. Benefits, social agreements and environmental benefits.
2. Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is an important part of mineral prospecting evaluation
The General Rules for Mineral Geological Exploration stipulate that the mineral geological exploration must adhere to the principle of “integrated exploration and comprehensive evaluation†to fully utilize and rationally protect mineral resources. The comprehensive exploration and comprehensive evaluation of mineral resources include the following: First, identify the types, contents, occurrence and distribution of co-associated mineral resources, ore structure and structural characteristics, and study the possibility of comprehensive recycling of associated components. The comprehensive grade determines the subject and reserves calculation; the second is to recover and utilize the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), exhaust gas, waste heat, residual pressure and other resources that may be generated in the future production project, thereby expanding the available amount of resources.
3. The Existing Resource Situation Urgently Needs to Develop Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources
On the one hand, China's mineral resources are characterized by a large amount of lean ore and a large number of associated mineral resources. The mineralization geological conditions determine that comprehensive utilization of mineral resources must be carried out in order to make better use of mineral resources; on the other hand, after years of development and utilization of mineral resources, Among the proven mineral resources in China, there are a large number of low-grade and difficult-to-steer metallurgical resources that are not yet available for development and utilization due to technical and economic conditions; there are also residual ore, tailings, and wastes formed in the past during the development process. Among them, a large number of secondary resources can be recycled and utilized after comprehensive utilization. Third, social progress and the implementation of the scientific concept of development. It also requires changing the long-existing extensive exploitation and utilization in the past, comprehensively utilizing mineral resources, expanding the sources of resource supply, and reducing development. Use cost to provide resources for the sustainable development of China's economy and society.
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is both open source and throttling. To solve the problem of safeguarding mineral resources and providing security, it is necessary to make overall plans for geological prospecting and comprehensive utilization. In particular, comprehensive utilization of mineral resources should be put on a prominent position. This is a long-term solution to the problem of resource conservation and rational use in China.
III. Problems and Causes of Geological Prospecting and Utilization of Mineral Resources
(I) Difficult geological prospecting and poor results
The difficulty of prospecting is increasing, and fewer and fewer large and large mineral deposits have been discovered. After hundreds of years of exploration and development of mineral resources in China, many surface and shallow mineral resources have been discovered and utilized. On the whole, new discoveries of mineral resources have been developed in the deep underground and sea areas. The difficulty and risk of discovery, development and utilization are increasing, and the investment costs in the early stages are also getting higher and higher. Moreover, this difficulty in prospecting is increasing globally. For example, the annual meeting of the Canadian Exploration and Development (PDAC) as a global conference for exploration and development of solid minerals, geophysics has received more and more attention, reflecting the prospecting from one side. Difficulties increase, and mineral exploration requires geophysical exploration. From the prospecting depth of the deposit, the maximum average burial depth of 10 mineral deposits such as copper, nickel, and gold in the 1950s was 201 meters, and it increased to 364 meters in the 1990s. The difficulty in prospecting was higher than that in the 1950s. At a rate of 2.31 times, the difficulty of ore prospecting in China showed a trend of increasing rigidity.
The increase in the difficulty of prospecting has led to the slow growth of identified resource reserves, which has made the situation of supply and demand of major mineral resources in our country increasingly severe. Since the 1980s, the amount of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel and other proven resources in China has been basically the same. It has been declining year by year. If there is no major prospecting breakthrough in the next 10 years, the dependence of China’s major metal minerals on foreign countries will continue to increase. Therefore, in the recent geological exploration can not achieve major breakthroughs in ore-searching, to strengthen the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, expand the sources of resources, improve the utilization of mineral resources, is to resolve the constraints of mineral resources and ensure the protection of national resources, the inevitable choice.
(II) Extensive exploitation of mineral resources, inefficient use
Since the founding of New China in 1949, China has made some progress in the mining, smelting, processing and utilization of mineral resources, and has basically met the needs of social and economic development. In particular, since the nationwide rectification of the standard for the development of mineral resources in 2005, all kinds of illegal violations of mineral resources have been completely cleared and investigated, and a number of mines that are illegally exploited and whose resource utilization is not high and have serious hidden safety problems have been closed, and mineral resources have been closed. The development order has stabilized. The mineral resources development and integration work has achieved initial results. The irrational distribution of mines has been significantly improved, and the scale of mineral resources development and utilization have been significantly improved. However, China is still in the mid-industrial period. The exploitation and utilization of mineral resources and the utilization of energy and resources are still low. Specifically in the following aspects:
1. Small scale mines, low level of intensive use
Despite the unremitting reform and adjustment in more than 10 years, the number of non-oil and gas mining companies in China and the number of employees fell from 249,270 in 1990 and 14,204,640 people in 1990 to 124,903 and 7,759,714 in 2007, which was basically reduced by half; However, it is still the world's largest mining team. Among them, there are 4,014 large-scale mines, 5,757 medium-sized mines, 59,449 small-scale mines and 55,714 small mines. The large and medium-sized mines accounted for only 7.82% of the total number of mining enterprises. Small and small mines accounted for more than 92% of the total number of mining companies.
2. Low resource recovery rate and serious waste of resources
At present, due to the limitation of economic and technological level, the total recovery rate of China's mineral resources is only about 30%, which is 15% to 20% lower than the world average. Among them, China's mining recovery rate of metal mineral resources, on average, is less than 70%, 10% to 20% lower than that of foreign countries; average recoveries of 9 non-ferrous metals are 60%, a difference of 10% to 15% compared to foreign countries, and non-metallic minerals. Small mines are lower. Among the proven reserves of minerals in China, the proportion of symbiotic or associated mineral deposits accounts for about 80%, which is of high comprehensive utilization value. However, the minerals that can be recovered and recovered by comprehensive utilization of mineral resources only account for half of the total recoverable minerals. The comprehensive utilization index is 50%. The recovery rate of beneficiated gold is generally only 50% to 60%. The recovery rate of silver is 60%-70%, while the foreign indicators are 60%-70% and 70%-80%, respectively, a difference of about 10%. For example, among copper, lead and zinc concentrates, there are 22 kinds of associated valuable elements, totaling more than 50,000 tons, and only about 50% are recovered through smelting. The comprehensive recovery rate of associated metals in developed countries is more than 80% on average, and the comprehensive utilization value accounts for more than 30% of the total output value, which is 20% higher than that in China. Non-metallic minerals have low levels of comprehensive development and utilization, low levels of resource recovery and deep processing, and serious waste of resources.
3. High energy and resource consumption and low efficiency
China's mineral resources development and utilization methods are still extensive, and high energy consumption and high resource consumption industries have developed rapidly. Energy and resource utilization efficiency is not high, resulting in a large gap between resource utilization and developed countries. For example, China's energy, iron, copper and aluminum accounts for l/6, l/3, l/5 and l/3 of the global total, while CDP only accounts for 1/16 of the world total. China's energy efficiency is only 33%, 20 years behind the developed countries, a difference of about 10%. In 2003, China's energy consumption per ten thousand yuan of GDP was 8 times that of Japan, 2.3 times that of the United States, 4.5 times that of the European Union, and 2.2 times the world average. Statistics in recent years are similar to the above data. ? China’s metal consumption per unit of GDP is significantly higher than that of the United States, Japan, and other developed countries, and even higher than Brazil, India, and other developing countries. Statistics show that in 2007 China’s copper, aluminum, lead, and zinc consumptions were 4.861 million tons, 12.437 million tons, 2.536 million tons, and 3.58 million tons respectively, and 4 common non-ferrous metals per 10,000 USD GDP consumption reached 77.5 kg. Consumption in developed countries such as the United States is below 10kg, and that of developing countries such as Brazil and India is 16.skg and 25.5kg, respectively. The reuse rate of industrial water in China is less than 60%, 15 to 25 percentage points lower than the advanced level in foreign countries, and the water withdrawal per million yuan of GDP is 4 times the world average. Compared with the United States, China’s total water consumption is comparable to that of the United States, but its GDP is only 1/4 of the United States.
4. Destructive ecological environment, serious potential safety problems
Extensive exploitation of mineral resources and inefficient use of mineral resources on the one hand, a waste of mineral resources; the other hand, the metallurgical pollution caused by the intensification of the environment, serious ecological damage, threatening the safety of mining areas and surrounding areas. According to statistics, all types of mines in China discharge 3 billion tons of waste water, discharge more than 54 million tons of exhaust gas, and the stockpiles of solid wastes such as waste rock, tailings and waste slag from China's metal mines have reached more than 18 billion tons, and are still at about 10 per year. Billion tons of speed growth; non-ferrous metal concentrator tailings cumulative accumulation of about 5 billion tons, covers an area of ​​about 70 million m,; annual output of coal grinding stone 150 million tons, fly ash 0.7 billion tons, but at present in China The utilization rate of mine solid waste is still less than 10%. The annual non-ferrous metal industry's sulfur dioxide emissions is about 650,000 tons, and only a few large-scale smelters have a sulfur recovery rate of 90%-92%, close to or reaching foreign advanced level, and the remaining copper smelter sulfur recovery rate only reaches 40%. 60%; Lead smelters have lower sulfur utilization due to poor process equipment, and some have not even recovered. The utilization rate of sulfur in foreign smelters is generally more than 95%. For example, the U.S. Kenny Coulthard Utah smelter has a sulfur utilization rate of more than 99%. According to the statistics of 290 steel-making enterprises in China, the annual emission of metallurgical iron-containing fumes reaches 14 million tons. The dust and mud contains a large number of valuable elements such as Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cr. The current recycling rate is very low, and most of the direct Outer row, a small number as a sintering raw material, the proportion of the purpose of comprehensive recovery of valuable metals in the dust is very small. The “three wastes†(wastewater, waste gas, and waste residue) discharged during the mining production process in China not only caused the loss of a large amount of valuable elements, but also seriously polluted the environment, bringing security risks to production and local residents.
(III) The chaos of the mining industry and the arduous task of rectifying and standardizing the mining order
According to statistics, there have been 10 national rectifications of the mining order in history. Each time the rapid economic development brings about the prosperity of the mining industry, along with the booming of the mining industry and the chaos of the mining industry, the government then carries out the rectification. The latest round of the rectification of the mining order began in 2005 with the “Circular of the State Council on Comprehensively Rectifying and Regulating the Order of the Development of Mineral Resources†(Guofa [2005] No. 28 Document). By the end of 2008, a total of 129,549 unlicensed explorations had been conducted across the country. Over 9490 cross-border exploitations, illegally transferring 2,600 mining rights, shutting down 46068 mines illegally exploited and destroying the environment, causing serious pollution, and lacking safe production conditions, and rectifying and shutting down 11,155 small coal mines that do not have safe production conditions. In the “Look Back†operation, a total of 14,692 illegal and irregular activities of various types of mineral resources were investigated and handled, and 1,291 mines were closed in accordance with the law. In accordance with the national requirements for the comprehensive development and integration of 15 key mineral resources, the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) combined with the actual situation, identified 56 integrated minerals, compiled an overall plan and implementation plan, and listed the project's integrated mining area 5382 Among them, 3024 mining areas have completed the integration task, and the original 51092 mining rights in the integration area have reduced 16,629 after integration. However, as the price of mineral products continues to rise, and driven by huge profits, illegal and illegal mining, excessive cross-border exploration, illegal exploration, illegal transfer and other violations occur from time to time, and the task of rectifying and standardizing the development of mineral resources remains arduous. .
(IV) Analysis of main reasons
1. Insufficient reserve of China's mineral resources and rapid economic growth have contradicted resource requirements
According to the development experience of the pre-industrialized countries, the rapid economic growth in the process of industrialization is closely related to the massive consumption of mineral resources. Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has entered the track of rapid industrialization. At the same time, the demand for mineral resources consumption has increased dramatically. This trend of acceleration is precisely the concrete performance of the industrialized countries in the latter half of the development of concentrated high-intensity consumption of mineral resources, and this trend will continue in the coming decades. As a result of the contradiction between the lack of identified reserves of mineral resources in China and rapid economic growth, the demand for mineral resources has been rising, and the import of mineral products has increased significantly. When the price of mineral products rises, the state-owned enterprises tend to overcapacity production and pursue short-term benefits. When the price of mineral products declines, in order to maintain the stability of the enterprise and protect the lives of employees, enterprises often use the method of abandoning poverty to maintain the existence of the enterprise; while the private enterprise considers property rights Without protection, the scale of mining will often be increased, wealth will be used to abandon poverty, and short-term benefits will be pursued. As a result, resources are wasted and consumed too quickly.
2. The system of market economy operation mechanism in the primary stage of socialism is still not perfect
The current exploration and mining mechanism for mineral resources is produced under the ideal conditions of relatively simple exploration and development subjects and strong planned economic awareness. It has obviously failed to meet the requirements of the current socialist market economy. First, the current exploration mechanism for mineral resources is difficult to achieve a major breakthrough in prospecting. At present, there is no clear legal provision for the acquisition of prospecting rights, which has led to the fact that in some places all mining rights, including highly risky exploration rights, have to be transferred by way of bidding and auction, which is inconsistent with the state’s spirit of encouraging risk exploration. . In addition, on the one hand, the State encourages exploration, and on the other hand, it restricts the mining right. There is no perfect management method for the conversion of mining sites into mining rights after exploration, which limits the enthusiasm for exploration of mineral resources and makes it difficult to achieve major breakthroughs in prospecting. .
Second, there are drawbacks in the current mechanism for exploration and mining of mineral resources. The current mining mechanism lacks incentive and restraint mechanisms for mining enterprises. China adopts a system in which exploration rights and mining rights are separated. The "Mineral Resources Law" stipulates that mining enterprises that have already applied for a mining right in accordance with law shall not apply for prospecting rights for exploration carried out for the production of a company within the designated mining area. In addition, the rest are required to apply for exploration rights, that is, mining companies must apply for prospecting rights in the deep and peripheral mining areas that have acquired mining rights. This does not require mining companies to increase exploration and investment, and increase the enthusiasm for resource reserves. . State-owned mining enterprises believe that they represent national interests. As long as the resources that have been acquired are used up, the state should provide them with new resources free of charge, and thus there is no incentive to invest funds in reserve resource exploration.
Third, the government has misplaced its functions in the development and management of mineral resources. Nowadays, local governments have actually played three roles in mineral management: the first is the manager, the second is the owner, and the third is the operator. Local governments at all levels and their management agencies operate mining rights, "both as referees and as athletes," both as managers and managers. Due to excessive government involvement and excessive intervention, the legitimate rights and interests of prospectors are not effectively protected. For example, when a prospecting right holder has a legal prospecting right item, after the work has achieved results, the government and its competent department have ordered the prospector to terminate the prospecting right, and then the government will take back and auction the prospecting right or mining right, causing the prospector to suffer losses.
It can be seen that China's geological prospecting effect is not good, the mode of resource utilization is extensive, there are reasons for the level of productivity development, but also the mechanism of the market economy operating mechanism is not perfect at this stage, supervision of local government and land and resources management departments is not in place The problem.
IV. Analysis of potential of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources
1. A comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources
A resource, or in-situ resource, or native resource. Mineral resources are a kind of non-renewable resources that cannot be recovered after mining. The key to improving the utilization of primary resources is to increase the comprehensive recovery rate of mining resources. At present, due to the limitation of economic and technological level, the comprehensive recovery rate of mineral resources in China is 90% on average for non-ferrous metals, a difference of 10% to 15% compared with foreign countries. If the comprehensive treatment of comprehensive development and comprehensive utilization of the mineral resources development order in the period of 15 to 15 years will reach the advanced level in foreign countries by 2020, the degree of protection of China's mineral resources will increase by 10% to 30%.
2. Secondary mine resources comprehensive utilization potential
Mine secondary resources refer to mining development wastes such as mining, mineral processing, mining waste rock, ore dressing tailings, coal grinding stones, refining slag, waste gas, waste water, and abandoned mines (pits) produced in the process of mining, mineral processing, and smelting. They are products formed through the exploitation of a mine's primary resources, also known as mining secondary resources. They used to be considered as waste, and in fact, they are a kind of resource. Increasing the utilization rate of tailings and increasing the recovery of resources can increase the degree of protection of mineral resources. At present, the utilization rate of tailings is only 8.2%. The use of tailings in foreign advanced level reached 24%. If the utilization rate of tailings in China is raised to 24%, taking iron ore as an example, 615 million tons of iron ore concentrate can be recovered, which is equivalent to nearly 3 times the output of iron ore concentrate in 2003. Therefore, the recovery of tailings can increase the support capacity by about 15%.
3. The potential of comprehensive utilization of recycled metal resources
Renewable resources refer to the resources that are used as raw materials for mineral resources in the production process and social consumption process. They can be used repeatedly after many times of reclaiming and remanufacturing, mainly referring to the recycling of scrap metal. Increasing the recovery and recycling rate of recycled metals can also increase the degree of protection of mineral resources. From now on, the recycling of recycled metal will increase by 2020. It is estimated that by 2020, the recovery of secondary resources such as steel (iron), copper and aluminum will gradually increase from the current 15%, 16%, and 8% to account for the consumption. 30%, the recovery amounts to 80 million tons, 1.7 million tons and 3.9 million tons respectively. It can be seen that the recycled metal industry can increase the degree of protection of the major metal minerals by about 1%.
Based on the above analysis, the comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources can be up to 60%, and the minimum is also above 40%, with an average of about 50%. This is of great significance for China's protection of national resource security and the realization of a comprehensive well-to-do society.
As China is in the early stage of industrialization, compared with developed countries, the mining economy and technology level is relatively backward, the level of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is still relatively low, and the comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources is relatively large.
V. Safeguarding Scientific Development and Actively Promoting the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources
(I) Enlightenment from international experience
Looking at the experience of mineral resources management and geological exploration in developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, we can see that there are salient features in the following aspects:
1. Using commercial geological investment to promote commercial geological prospecting
Geological survey agencies in various countries are organizations engaged in basic and public-wealth geological surveys. They are not engaged in direct geological prospecting. They provide open geological information for commercial geological prospecting, and are promoted and promoted by basic and non-profit geological work. Commercial geological prospecting and exploration work.
This inspires us to further think about how we can co-ordinate public welfare geological work and commercial geological exploration work.
2. Mining rights implement unified and standardized management
The blank areas and high-risk prospecting rights blocks are subject to the application of the prior management measures. Government agencies use laws and regulations to govern mining rights and use policies to encourage prospecting; not all prospecting rights implement “recruitment†and government involvement in exploration rights management. This enlightens us to further think about how to adjust the mechanism of geological prospecting.
3.. The government formulates laws and policies to protect and promote the sustainable development of the mining industry
The use of economic and technological means to protect mineral resources and increase the level of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, develop green mining, reduce waste emissions, and protect the ecological environment. Government departments do not directly manage mines, but only do a good job of supervision and management of mines. This enlightens us to think further, how to handle the relationship between resource protection and development, and improve the efficiency of resource use.
(B) How to promote the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and ensure and promote scientific development
1. Guided by the scientific concept of development, overall planning for geological prospecting and resource protection and rational utilization
Since the establishment of the Ministry of Land and Resources, a great deal of work has been done around the protection and rational use of mineral resources. Breakthroughs have been made in geological prospecting and preliminary results have been achieved in the ordering and rational use of mineral resources. In particular, since the development of scientific development concepts for deep learning and practice, How to build a new mechanism for safeguarding and promoting scientific development Brainstorming, overall planning, and system design have formed a framework for top-level design and new mechanisms for land and resources management, promoting changes in management functions and management methods, and gradually focusing on examination and approval, review, and supervision. From the emphasis on investigation and punishment afterwards to the prevention, investigation and punishment, and from the emphasis on administrative measures to economic, legal, administrative, and scientific and technological means, the level of land and resources management has improved. In order to ensure the implementation of the new mechanism, it is suggested that the following relationships should be dealt with as an overall plan:
The first is to coordinate the relationship between the geological work of public welfare and commercial geological work. Further clarify the purpose and principles for the formation of a non-profit geological survey institution. The public welfare geological work mainly undertakes geological mapping and provides the public with geological services. The geological data provide public free service. The reform of state-owned geological survey units has been put in place, changing the situation between enterprises and enterprises. Non-profit geological work provides valuable basic geological data and information services for commercial geological exploration work, and commercial geological exploration is carried out with public geological surveys to achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting.
The second is to coordinate the relationship between resource protection and rational use of resources. In order to ensure scientific development of land and resources, it is necessary to solve the problem of resource protection and rational utilization. In the final analysis, the protection of resources is a matter of rational use. The purpose of resource protection is to make reasonable use and sustainable use. Only by achieving a reasonable use of resources can we truly achieve resource protection.
The third is to coordinate the supervision of the relationship between local government and the overall situation of service economy development. The development of regional economy is inseparable from the massive development and utilization of mineral resources. However, it is not possible to develop extensively and waste resources for short-term economic growth. Land and resources management must shoulder the dual responsibility of protecting resources and supervising the development and utilization of resources. At the same time, in order to manipulate the mining rights and endanger the interests of the state and illegally use valuable resources, the local government should strictly handle and correct it in time.
2. The goal and tasks of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources
(l) Development goals. We will establish a relatively complete legal and regulatory system to promote the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, develop mining recycling economy, a policy support system, an institutional and technological innovation system, and an incentive and restraint mechanism by 2010. According to the characteristics of our country's mineral resources, we will implement efficient development and intensive utilization, continuously improve the efficiency of resource recycling, significantly reduce the amount of waste disposal, and build a large number of typical demonstration enterprises that meet the requirements for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and the development of circular economy. Promote green consumption and improve the recycling system of renewable resources. A batch of mines and mining cities that have a good effect of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and meet the requirements of circular economy development have been established. In the next 10 years, China will increase its comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to the advanced level in the world by 2020.
(2) Main indicators. Increased utilization of mineral resources and comprehensive utilization of associated and associated resources in China have increased by 5 percentage points in 20 years, and the average level of comprehensive utilization of resources has reached an international average level. Recycled metal steel (iron), copper, aluminum and lead accounted for refining The proportion of metal production reached 20%, 30%, 25% and 30% respectively, and the utilization of tailings reached 15%. By 2020, China's comprehensive utilization rate of mineral resources and comprehensive utilization of associated and associated resources will increase by 15 percentage points, and the average level of comprehensive utilization of resources will reach the world's advanced level. Recycled metal steel (iron), copper, aluminum, and lead account for the production of refined metals. The proportions have reached 30%, 40%, 35% and 40% respectively. Tailings utilization increased to 20%.
3. Key tasks for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in the near future
In the near future, we must use the scientific concept of development as guidance, strengthen comprehensive utilization, achieve efficient development and intensive use of mineral resources, and constantly increase resource utilization.
(l) Improve relevant laws and regulations and provide legal guarantees for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In the revision of the "Mineral Resources Law," it is proposed to increase the content of comprehensive utilization and resource conservation in the corresponding clauses, and further clarify the requirements for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and increase the rate of resource recovery.
(2) Strengthen the macro-control of mineral resources, do a good job of mineral resources planning, and formulate resource policies to promote the conservation and intensive use of mineral resources. Establishing the concept of circular economy, saving and intensive use of resources, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in the Naren Mineral Resources Planning System. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will continue to include the country’s comprehensive use of preferential policies.
(3) To establish a basic research team for the comprehensive utilization of non-profit mineral resources, ensure the investment in science and technology, and concentrate on the development of technical resources for the development, application and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
(4) Implement demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to promote the development of circular economy in the mineral resources sector. In addition to continuing to increase the support for the demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of the three major symbiotic mineral deposits in Baiyun Obo, Panzhihua, and Jinchuan, and expanding the demonstration role, a number of demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will be distributed and implemented.
references
[1] Xu Shaoshi Accelerating the pace of development and reform and improving the ability to safeguard mineral resources. Journal of China Academy of Public Administration 20082, p4-7
[2] Zhang Xinan, Chen Congxi Analysis Report on China's Land and Resources Security 2004-2005. China Dadi Press. 2006
[3l more beautiful, Sun Yaguang. Research on the Relationship between Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources and Geological Survey[J] Mineral Resources Protection and Utilization, 20085 p10 a 13
[4] Han Haiqing, Su Xun. Establishing and perfecting a new mechanism for the intensive use of land and mineral resources [J]. China Land and Resources Economics, 2008.3 p4-6
[5] Ministry of Finance, State Administration of Taxation, National Development and Reform Commission Document (Cai Shui [2008] No. 117). Announcement on the publication of the Catalogue of Corporate Income Taxes for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (2008 Edition).
[6] People's Republic of China Circular Economy Promotion Law. Abstract: Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue. Based on the analysis of the current problems in geological prospecting and utilization of mineral resources in China and their main reasons, this paper discusses the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting, analyzes the potential for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and proposes that safeguarding scientific development must be taken into consideration. Geological prospecting and comprehensive utilization of resources, and further put forward the task and focus of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Keywords: mineral resources comprehensive utilization geological prospecting
I. Introduction
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is not only an important part of geological prospecting and exploration, but also an important way for resource conservation and conservation. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources includes two aspects. The first is the comprehensive development and rational use of symbiotic and associated minerals in the development of mineral resources; the second is the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), waste gas, and waste heat generated in the future production process. , residual pressure and other recycling and rational use.
In recent years, with the intensification of resource bottlenecks and the implementation of the basic national policy for resource conservation, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and mining circular economy have received increasing attention. Since 2004, the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources has successively carried out strategic research on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, research on China's strategy for the use of low-grade mineral resources, research on strategies and management mechanisms for the conservation of mineral resources, and other research topics. China Geological Survey carried out research projects on the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. The Ministry of Land and Resources held the China Mining Circular Economy Forum and the Mining Recycling Economy Advanced Forum. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated and issued the “Guidelines for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources for the 11th Five-Year Plan,†which covers the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In 2008, the state promulgated the “Circular Economy Promotion Lawâ€, which provides regulations for the promotion of recycling economy in mining industry. It can be seen that the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue.当å‰ï¼Œå›½åœŸèµ„æºéƒ¨æ£åœ¨å¼€å±•åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿å¤§è®¨è®ºï¼Œç ”究矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨ä¸Žåœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿çš„关系ã€çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ½œåŠ›ï¼Œæ出矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨çš„ç›®æ ‡å’Œé‡ç‚¹ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽå›½åœŸèµ„æºä¿éšœç§‘å¦å‘展具有é‡è¦çš„现实æ„义。
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1.矿山规模å°ï¼Œé›†çº¦åŒ–利用水平低
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Keywords: mineral resources comprehensive utilization geological prospecting
I. Introduction
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is not only an important content of geological prospecting and exploration, but also an important way for resource conservation and conservation. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources includes two aspects. The first is the comprehensive development and rational use of symbiotic and associated minerals in the development of mineral resources; the second is the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), waste gas, and waste heat generated in the future production process. , residual pressure and other recycling and rational use.
In recent years, with the intensification of resource bottlenecks and the implementation of basic national policies for resource conservation, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and mining circular economy have received increasing attention. Since 2004, the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources has successively carried out strategic research on comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, research on China's strategy for the use of low-grade mineral resources, research on strategies and management mechanisms for the conservation of mineral resources, and other research topics. China Geological Survey carried out research projects on the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. The Ministry of Land and Resources held the China Mining Circular Economy Forum and the Mining Recycling Economy Advanced Forum. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated and issued the “Guidelines for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources for the 11th Five-Year Plan,†which covers the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In 2008, the state promulgated the “Circular Economy Promotion Lawâ€, which provides regulations for the promotion of recycling economy in mining industry. It can be seen that the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue. At present, the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources is conducting a geological discussion on the prospecting of ore, studying the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting, and the potential of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. It proposes the objectives and priorities for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and is important for the scientific development of land and resources guarantees. Practical significance.
Second, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting
(1) Characteristics of China's Mineral Resources
China's total mineral resources are abundant, minerals are relatively complete, and the degree of matching is relatively high. However, due to China's large population, the per capita share of mineral resources is relatively insufficient. Major minerals such as oil, natural gas, iron, copper, potash, and diamonds, especially proven reserves of major minerals, are either in short supply or in short supply. The distribution of mineral resources in China has the following salient features.
1. More lean ore, less rich ore
Of the 159 kinds of minerals that have already been proven reserves in China, most important deposits such as iron ores, copper ore, and phosphate deposits are poor ore deposits. Among them, to identify resource reserves, the average grade of iron ore is 32%, and the iron-rich ore with a grade greater than 48% only accounts for 1.9% of China's identified iron ore resource reserves, 47.6% of which are poor ore; the average grade of copper is only 0.87%, which is less than 1/3 of the copper ore grades of the world’s major producers and trade countries; rich copper mines with grades greater than 1% only account for 30.5% of China’s identified copper reserves, and 69.5% are low-grade mines; More than 60% of the earth ore resources are low-grade ores with aluminum-silicon ratio less than 7.
2. Difficult-to-pick, difficult-to-choose, difficult-to-metallurgical mines, easy-to-use, easy-to-choose, easy to mine
Among the proven reserves of iron ore, one-third is hard-to-select hematite with fine-grained inlays. Among the poor mines to be selected, magnetite accounts for 48.8% of the total ore, vanadium magnetite accounts for 20.8%, hematite accounts for 20.8%, and mixed ore (magnetic, magnetic, and schismite) symbiotic ore ) accounted for 3.5%, siderite accounted for 3.7%, and limonite accounted for 2.4%; China's total bauxite resources accounted for more than 98% for the processing of energy-intensive water-dual aluminum; China's partial mine lead-zinc ore grade although High, but a considerable part of the ore is temporarily difficult to use effectively. As China's largest Lanping lead-zinc mine, millions of tons of oxide ore can only be piled up for use. These refractory minerals are difficult to develop and use in the near future.
3. Symbiotic, associated mineral deposits, little single deposit
Another feature of China's mineral deposits is symbiotic, associated mineral deposits and few single deposits. For example, the copper-lead-zinc ore associated components of China are complex and difficult to process. In non-ferrous metal mines, most of the associated useful components can be recycled in different degrees. Among the 45 common and associated components, 33 can be used, and the total amount of metal recovered is 15% of the total metal production in the country. Comprehensive statistics show that 35% of gold, 90% of silver, 100% of platinum group elements and 75% of pyrite are obtained through comprehensive utilization.
4. There are many small and medium-sized ore deposits, and there are few large and extra-large deposits
Taking bulk non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead and zinc as examples: Of the more than 900 copper mines that have been surveyed in China, only 1/3 of the reserves have exceeded 500,000 tons. Among the 60 large-scale mines with proven reserves exceeding 5 million tons, China only has two Yulong copper mines and two Dexing copper mines. There are 39 world lead and zinc ore reserves exceeding 5 million tons, and China only has 3 seats.
The characteristics of China's mineral resources determine that comprehensive utilization research must be conducted in order to effectively use these mineral resources.
(II) The relationship between comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting
1. Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is the premise of geological prospecting
To carry out geological prospecting, we must first solve what is the "mine" problem. The so-called “mining†is a useful mineral component delineated by mineral industry indicators, usually expressed in ore grades. Ore grade refers to the enrichment degree and unit content of useful components in metal ore deposits and some non-metallic mineral deposits (such as apatite, potash, fluorite, etc.). The level of ore grade determines the value of the exploitation and utilization of mineral resources, the direction of processing and utilization, and the production technology process flow. The level of the raw ore grade indicates the degree of poverty of the ore, and the level of the concentrate grade reflects some kind of recycled composition and the level of poverty in the concentrate. The industrial grade of ore is an important ore industry index, which changes with the progress of national economic policy, scientific and technological progress, geological conditions of the deposit, and the degree of ore demand. For example, at the beginning of the 19th century, copper mines containing 10% copper were mined. Today, 0.5% copper-bearing porphyry copper mines have been mined. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources can not only reduce the industrial grade of ore and increase the output of minerals, but also can comprehensively recover the associated mineral resources, discover new mineral resources, increase ore types, expand the scope of ore prospecting, reduce waste discharge, and thus increase the economic efficiency of resource utilization. Benefits, social agreements and environmental benefits.
2. Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is an important part of mineral prospecting evaluation
The General Rules for Mineral Geological Exploration stipulate that the mineral geological exploration must adhere to the principle of “integrated exploration and comprehensive evaluation†to fully utilize and rationally protect mineral resources. The comprehensive exploration and comprehensive evaluation of mineral resources include the following: First, identify the types, contents, occurrence and distribution of co-associated mineral resources, ore structure and structural characteristics, and study the possibility of comprehensive recycling of associated components. The comprehensive grade determines the subject and reserves calculation; the second is to recover and utilize the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), exhaust gas, waste heat, residual pressure and other resources that may be generated in the future production project, thereby expanding the available amount of resources.
3. The Existing Resource Situation Urgently Needs to Develop Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources
On the one hand, China's mineral resources are characterized by a large amount of lean ore and a large number of associated mineral resources. The mineralization geological conditions determine that comprehensive utilization of mineral resources must be carried out in order to make better use of mineral resources; on the other hand, after years of development and utilization of mineral resources, Among the proven mineral resources in China, there are a large number of low-grade and difficult-to-steer metallurgical resources that are not yet available for development and utilization due to technical and economic conditions; there are also residual ore, tailings, and wastes formed in the past during the development process. Among them, a large number of secondary resources can be recycled and utilized after comprehensive utilization. Third, social progress and the implementation of the scientific concept of development. It also requires changing the long-existing extensive exploitation and utilization in the past, comprehensively utilizing mineral resources, expanding the sources of resource supply, and reducing development. Use cost to provide resources for the sustainable development of China's economy and society.
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is both open source and throttling. To solve the problem of safeguarding mineral resources and providing security, it is necessary to make overall plans for geological prospecting and comprehensive utilization. In particular, comprehensive utilization of mineral resources should be put on a prominent position. This is a long-term solution to the problem of resource conservation and rational use in China.
III. Problems and Causes of Geological Prospecting and Utilization of Mineral Resources
(I) Difficult geological prospecting and poor results
The difficulty of prospecting is increasing, and fewer and fewer large and large mineral deposits have been discovered. After hundreds of years of exploration and development of mineral resources in China, many surface and shallow mineral resources have been discovered and utilized. On the whole, new discoveries of mineral resources have been developed in the deep underground and sea areas. The difficulty and risk of discovery, development and utilization are increasing, and the investment costs in the early stages are also getting higher and higher. Moreover, this difficulty in prospecting is increasing globally. For example, the annual meeting of the Canadian Exploration and Development (PDAC) as a global conference for exploration and development of solid minerals, geophysics has received more and more attention, reflecting the prospecting from one side. Difficulties increase, and mineral exploration requires geophysical exploration. From the prospecting depth of the deposit, the maximum average burial depth of 10 mineral deposits such as copper, nickel, and gold in the 1950s was 201 meters, and it increased to 364 meters in the 1990s. The difficulty in prospecting was higher than that in the 1950s. At a rate of 2.31 times, the difficulty of ore prospecting in China showed a trend of increasing rigidity.
The increase in the difficulty of prospecting has led to the slow growth of identified resource reserves, which has made the situation of supply and demand of major mineral resources in our country increasingly severe. Since the 1980s, the amount of copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel and other proven resources in China has been basically the same. It has been declining year by year. If there is no major prospecting breakthrough in the next 10 years, the dependence of China’s major metal minerals on foreign countries will continue to increase. Therefore, in the recent geological exploration can not achieve major breakthroughs in ore-searching, to strengthen the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, expand the sources of resources, improve the utilization of mineral resources, is to resolve the constraints of mineral resources and ensure the protection of national resources, the inevitable choice.
(II) Extensive exploitation of mineral resources, inefficient use
Since the founding of New China in 1949, China has made some progress in the mining, smelting, processing and utilization of mineral resources, and has basically met the needs of social and economic development. In particular, since the nationwide rectification of the standard for the development of mineral resources in 2005, all kinds of illegal violations of mineral resources have been completely cleared and investigated, and a number of mines that are illegally exploited and whose resource utilization is not high and have serious hidden safety problems have been closed, and mineral resources have been closed. The development order has stabilized. The mineral resources development and integration work has achieved initial results. The irrational distribution of mines has been significantly improved, and the scale of mineral resources development and utilization have been significantly improved. However, China is still in the mid-industrial period. The exploitation and utilization of mineral resources and the utilization of energy and resources are still low. Specifically in the following aspects:
1. Small scale mines, low level of intensive use
Despite the unremitting reform and adjustment in more than 10 years, the number of non-oil and gas mining companies in China and the number of employees fell from 249,270 in 1990 and 14,204,640 people in 1990 to 124,903 and 7,759,714 in 2007, which was basically reduced by half; However, it is still the world's largest mining team. Among them, there are 4,014 large-scale mines, 5,757 medium-sized mines, 59,449 small-scale mines and 55,714 small mines. The large and medium-sized mines accounted for only 7.82% of the total number of mining enterprises. Small and small mines accounted for more than 92% of the total number of mining companies.
2. Low resource recovery rate and serious waste of resources
At present, due to the limitation of economic and technological level, the total recovery rate of China's mineral resources is only about 30%, which is 15% to 20% lower than the world average. Among them, China's mining recovery rate of metal mineral resources, on average, is less than 70%, 10% to 20% lower than that of foreign countries; average recoveries of 9 non-ferrous metals are 60%, a difference of 10% to 15% compared to foreign countries, and non-metallic minerals. Small mines are lower. Among the proven reserves of minerals in China, the proportion of symbiotic or associated mineral deposits accounts for about 80%, which is of high comprehensive utilization value. However, the minerals that can be recovered and recovered by comprehensive utilization of mineral resources only account for half of the total recoverable minerals. The comprehensive utilization index is 50%. The recovery rate of beneficiated gold is generally only 50% to 60%. The recovery rate of silver is 60%-70%, while the foreign indicators are 60%-70% and 70%-80%, respectively, a difference of about 10%. For example, among copper, lead and zinc concentrates, there are 22 kinds of associated valuable elements, totaling more than 50,000 tons, and only about 50% are recovered through smelting. The comprehensive recovery rate of associated metals in developed countries is more than 80% on average, and the comprehensive utilization value accounts for more than 30% of the total output value, which is 20% higher than that in China. Non-metallic minerals have low levels of comprehensive development and utilization, low levels of resource recovery and deep processing, and serious waste of resources.
3. High energy and resource consumption and low efficiency
China's mineral resources development and utilization methods are still extensive, and high energy consumption and high resource consumption industries have developed rapidly. Energy and resource utilization efficiency is not high, resulting in a large gap between resource utilization and developed countries. For example, China's energy, iron, copper and aluminum accounts for l/6, l/3, l/5 and l/3 of the global total, while CDP only accounts for 1/16 of the world total. China's energy efficiency is only 33%, 20 years behind the developed countries, a difference of about 10%. In 2003, China's energy consumption per ten thousand yuan of GDP was 8 times that of Japan, 2.3 times that of the United States, 4.5 times that of the European Union, and 2.2 times the world average. Statistics in recent years are similar to the above data. ? China’s metal consumption per unit of GDP is significantly higher than that of the United States, Japan, and other developed countries, and even higher than Brazil, India, and other developing countries. Statistics show that in 2007 China’s copper, aluminum, lead, and zinc consumptions were 4.861 million tons, 12.437 million tons, 2.536 million tons, and 3.58 million tons respectively, and 4 common non-ferrous metals per 10,000 USD GDP consumption reached 77.5 kg. Consumption in developed countries such as the United States is below 10kg, and that of developing countries such as Brazil and India is 16.skg and 25.5kg, respectively. The reuse rate of industrial water in China is less than 60%, 15 to 25 percentage points lower than the advanced level in foreign countries, and the water withdrawal per million yuan of GDP is 4 times the world average. Compared with the United States, China’s total water consumption is comparable to that of the United States, but its GDP is only 1/4 of the United States.
4. Destructive ecological environment, serious potential safety problems
Extensive exploitation of mineral resources and inefficient use of mineral resources on the one hand, a waste of mineral resources; the other hand, the metallurgical pollution caused by the intensification of the environment, serious ecological damage, threatening the safety of mining areas and surrounding areas. According to statistics, all types of mines in China discharge 3 billion tons of waste water, discharge more than 54 million tons of exhaust gas, and the stockpiles of solid wastes such as waste rock, tailings and waste slag from China's metal mines have reached more than 18 billion tons, and are still at about 10 per year. Billion tons of speed growth; non-ferrous metal concentrator tailings cumulative accumulation of about 5 billion tons, covers an area of ​​about 70 million m,; annual output of coal grinding stone 150 million tons, fly ash 0.7 billion tons, but at present in China The utilization rate of mine solid waste is still less than 10%. The annual non-ferrous metal industry's sulfur dioxide emissions is about 650,000 tons, and only a few large-scale smelters have a sulfur recovery rate of 90%-92%, close to or reaching foreign advanced level, and the remaining copper smelter sulfur recovery rate only reaches 40%. 60%; Lead smelters have lower sulfur utilization due to poor process equipment, and some have not even recovered. The utilization rate of sulfur in foreign smelters is generally more than 95%. For example, the U.S. Kenny Coulthard Utah smelter has a sulfur utilization rate of more than 99%. According to the statistics of 290 steel-making enterprises in China, the annual emission of metallurgical iron-containing fumes reaches 14 million tons. The dust and mud contains a large number of valuable elements such as Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cr. The current recycling rate is very low, and most of the direct Outer row, a small number as a sintering raw material, the proportion of the purpose of comprehensive recovery of valuable metals in the dust is very small. The “three wastes†(wastewater, waste gas, and waste residue) discharged during the mining production process in China not only caused the loss of a large amount of valuable elements, but also seriously polluted the environment, bringing security risks to production and local residents.
(III) The chaos of the mining industry and the arduous task of rectifying and standardizing the mining order
According to statistics, there have been 10 national rectifications of the mining order in history. Each time the rapid economic development brings about the prosperity of the mining industry, along with the booming of the mining industry and the chaos of the mining industry, the government then carries out the rectification. The latest round of the rectification of the mining order began in 2005 with the “Circular of the State Council on Comprehensively Rectifying and Regulating the Order of the Development of Mineral Resources†(Guofa [2005] No. 28 Document). By the end of 2008, a total of 129,549 unlicensed explorations had been conducted across the country. Over 9490 cross-border exploitations, illegally transferring 2,600 mining rights, shutting down 46068 mines illegally exploited and destroying the environment, causing serious pollution, and lacking safe production conditions, and rectifying and shutting down 11,155 small coal mines that do not have safe production conditions. In the “Look Back†operation, a total of 14,692 illegal and irregular activities of various types of mineral resources were investigated and handled, and 1,291 mines were closed in accordance with the law. In accordance with the national requirements for the comprehensive development and integration of 15 key mineral resources, the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) combined with the actual situation, identified 56 integrated minerals, compiled an overall plan and implementation plan, and listed the project's integrated mining area 5382 Among them, 3024 mining areas have completed the integration task, and the original 51092 mining rights in the integration area have reduced 16,629 after integration. However, as the price of mineral products continues to rise, and driven by huge profits, illegal and illegal mining, excessive cross-border exploration, illegal exploration, illegal transfer and other violations occur from time to time, and the task of rectifying and standardizing the development of mineral resources remains arduous. .
(IV) Analysis of main reasons
1. Insufficient reserve of China's mineral resources and rapid economic growth have contradicted resource requirements
According to the development experience of the pre-industrialized countries, the rapid economic growth in the process of industrialization is closely related to the massive consumption of mineral resources. Since the 1980s, the Chinese economy has entered the track of rapid industrialization. At the same time, the demand for mineral resources consumption has increased dramatically. This trend of acceleration is precisely the concrete performance of the industrialized countries in the latter half of the development of concentrated high-intensity consumption of mineral resources, and this trend will continue in the coming decades. As a result of the contradiction between the lack of identified reserves of mineral resources in China and rapid economic growth, the demand for mineral resources has been rising, and the import of mineral products has increased significantly. When the price of mineral products rises, the state-owned enterprises tend to overcapacity production and pursue short-term benefits. When the price of mineral products declines, in order to maintain the stability of the enterprise and protect the lives of employees, enterprises often use the method of abandoning poverty to maintain the existence of the enterprise; while the private enterprise considers property rights Without protection, the scale of mining will often be increased, wealth will be used to abandon poverty, and short-term benefits will be pursued. As a result, resources are wasted and consumed too quickly.
2. The system of market economy operation mechanism in the primary stage of socialism is still not perfect
The current exploration and mining mechanism for mineral resources is produced under the ideal conditions of relatively simple exploration and development subjects and strong planned economic awareness. It has obviously failed to meet the requirements of the current socialist market economy. First, the current exploration mechanism for mineral resources is difficult to achieve a major breakthrough in prospecting. At present, there is no clear legal provision for the acquisition of prospecting rights, which has led to the fact that in some places all mining rights, including highly risky exploration rights, have to be transferred by way of bidding and auction, which is inconsistent with the state’s spirit of encouraging risk exploration. . In addition, on the one hand, the State encourages exploration, and on the other hand, it restricts the mining right. There is no perfect management method for the conversion of mining sites into mining rights after exploration, which limits the enthusiasm for exploration of mineral resources and makes it difficult to achieve major breakthroughs in prospecting. .
Second, there are drawbacks in the current mechanism for exploration and mining of mineral resources. The current mining mechanism lacks incentive and restraint mechanisms for mining enterprises. China adopts a system in which exploration rights and mining rights are separated. The "Mineral Resources Law" stipulates that mining enterprises that have already applied for a mining right in accordance with law shall not apply for prospecting rights for exploration carried out for the production of a company within the designated mining area. In addition, the rest are required to apply for exploration rights, that is, mining companies must apply for prospecting rights in the deep and peripheral mining areas that have acquired mining rights. This does not require mining companies to increase exploration and investment, and increase the enthusiasm for resource reserves. . State-owned mining enterprises believe that they represent national interests. As long as the resources that have been acquired are used up, the state should provide them with new resources free of charge, and thus there is no incentive to invest funds in reserve resource exploration.
Third, the government has misplaced its functions in the development and management of mineral resources. Nowadays, local governments have actually played three roles in mineral management: the first is the manager, the second is the owner, and the third is the operator. Local governments at all levels and their management agencies operate mining rights, "both as referees and as athletes," both as managers and managers. Due to excessive government involvement and excessive intervention, the legitimate rights and interests of prospectors are not effectively protected. For example, when a prospecting right holder has a legal prospecting right item, after the work has achieved results, the government and its competent department have ordered the prospector to terminate the prospecting right, and then the government will take back and auction the prospecting right or mining right, causing the prospector to suffer losses.
It can be seen that China's geological prospecting effect is not good, the mode of resource utilization is extensive, there are reasons for the level of productivity development, but also the mechanism of the market economy operating mechanism is not perfect at this stage, supervision of local government and land and resources management departments is not in place The problem.
IV. Analysis of potential of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources
1. A comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources
A resource, or in-situ resource, or native resource. Mineral resources are a kind of non-renewable resources that cannot be recovered after mining. The key to improving the utilization of primary resources is to increase the comprehensive recovery rate of mining resources. At present, due to the limitation of economic and technological level, the comprehensive recovery rate of mineral resources in China is 90% on average for non-ferrous metals, a difference of 10% to 15% compared with foreign countries. If the comprehensive treatment of comprehensive development and comprehensive utilization of the mineral resources development order in the period of 15 to 15 years will reach the advanced level in foreign countries by 2020, the degree of protection of China's mineral resources will increase by 10% to 30%.
2. Secondary mine resources comprehensive utilization potential
Mine secondary resources refer to mining development wastes such as mining, mineral processing, mining waste rock, ore dressing tailings, coal grinding stones, refining slag, waste gas, waste water, and abandoned mines (pits) produced in the process of mining, mineral processing, and smelting. They are products formed through the exploitation of a mine's primary resources, also known as mining secondary resources. They used to be considered as waste, and in fact, they are a kind of resource. Increasing the utilization rate of tailings and increasing the recovery of resources can increase the degree of protection of mineral resources. At present, the utilization rate of tailings is only 8.2%. The use of tailings in foreign advanced level reached 24%. If the utilization rate of tailings in China is raised to 24%, taking iron ore as an example, 615 million tons of iron ore concentrate can be recovered, which is equivalent to nearly 3 times the output of iron ore concentrate in 2003. Therefore, the recovery of tailings can increase the support capacity by about 15%.
3. The potential of comprehensive utilization of recycled metal resources
Renewable resources refer to the resources that are used as raw materials for mineral resources in the production process and social consumption process. They can be used repeatedly after many times of reclaiming and remanufacturing, mainly referring to the recycling of scrap metal. Increasing the recovery and recycling rate of recycled metals can also increase the degree of protection of mineral resources. From now on, the recycling of recycled metal will increase by 2020. It is estimated that by 2020, the recovery of secondary resources such as steel (iron), copper and aluminum will gradually increase from the current 15%, 16%, and 8% to account for the consumption. 30%, the recovery amounts to 80 million tons, 1.7 million tons and 3.9 million tons respectively. It can be seen that the recycled metal industry can increase the degree of protection of the major metal minerals by about 1%.
Based on the above analysis, the comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources can be up to 60%, and the minimum is also above 40%, with an average of about 50%. This is of great significance for China's protection of national resource security and the realization of a comprehensive well-to-do society.
As China is in the early stage of industrialization, compared with developed countries, the mining economy and technology level is relatively backward, the level of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is still relatively low, and the comprehensive utilization potential of mineral resources is relatively large.
V. Safeguarding Scientific Development and Actively Promoting the Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources
(I) Enlightenment from international experience
Looking at the experience of mineral resources management and geological exploration in developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, we can see that there are salient features in the following aspects:
1. Using commercial geological investment to promote commercial geological prospecting
Geological survey agencies in various countries are organizations engaged in basic and public-wealth geological surveys. They are not engaged in direct geological prospecting. They provide open geological information for commercial geological prospecting, and are promoted and promoted by basic and non-profit geological work. Commercial geological prospecting and exploration work.
This inspires us to further think about how we can co-ordinate public welfare geological work and commercial geological exploration work.
2. Mining rights implement unified and standardized management
The blank areas and high-risk prospecting rights blocks are subject to the application of the prior management measures. Government agencies use laws and regulations to govern mining rights and use policies to encourage prospecting; not all prospecting rights implement “recruitment†and government involvement in exploration rights management. This enlightens us to further think about how to adjust the mechanism of geological prospecting.
3.. The government formulates laws and policies to protect and promote the sustainable development of the mining industry
The use of economic and technological means to protect mineral resources and increase the level of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, develop green mining, reduce waste emissions, and protect the ecological environment. Government departments do not directly manage mines, but only do a good job of supervision and management of mines. This enlightens us to think further, how to handle the relationship between resource protection and development, and improve the efficiency of resource use.
(B) How to promote the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and ensure and promote scientific development
1. Guided by the scientific concept of development, overall planning for geological prospecting and resource protection and rational utilization
Since the establishment of the Ministry of Land and Resources, a great deal of work has been done around the protection and rational use of mineral resources. Breakthroughs have been made in geological prospecting and preliminary results have been achieved in the ordering and rational use of mineral resources. In particular, since the development of scientific development concepts for deep learning and practice, How to build a new mechanism for safeguarding and promoting scientific development Brainstorming, overall planning, and system design have formed a framework for top-level design and new mechanisms for land and resources management, promoting changes in management functions and management methods, and gradually focusing on examination and approval, review, and supervision. From the emphasis on investigation and punishment afterwards to the prevention, investigation and punishment, and from the emphasis on administrative measures to economic, legal, administrative, and scientific and technological means, the level of land and resources management has improved. In order to ensure the implementation of the new mechanism, it is suggested that the following relationships should be dealt with as an overall plan:
The first is to coordinate the relationship between the geological work of public welfare and commercial geological work. Further clarify the purpose and principles for the formation of a non-profit geological survey institution. The public welfare geological work mainly undertakes geological mapping and provides the public with geological services. The geological data provide public free service. The reform of state-owned geological survey units has been put in place, changing the situation between enterprises and enterprises. Non-profit geological work provides valuable basic geological data and information services for commercial geological exploration work, and commercial geological exploration is carried out with public geological surveys to achieve a major breakthrough in geological prospecting.
The second is to coordinate the relationship between resource protection and rational use of resources. In order to ensure scientific development of land and resources, it is necessary to solve the problem of resource protection and rational utilization. In the final analysis, the protection of resources is a matter of rational use. The purpose of resource protection is to make reasonable use and sustainable use. Only by achieving a reasonable use of resources can we truly achieve resource protection.
The third is to coordinate the supervision of the relationship between local government and the overall situation of service economy development. The development of regional economy is inseparable from the massive development and utilization of mineral resources. However, it is not possible to develop extensively and waste resources for short-term economic growth. Land and resources management must shoulder the dual responsibility of protecting resources and supervising the development and utilization of resources. At the same time, in order to manipulate the mining rights and endanger the interests of the state and illegally use valuable resources, the local government should strictly handle and correct it in time.
2. The goal and tasks of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources
(l) Development goals. We will establish a relatively complete legal and regulatory system to promote the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, develop mining recycling economy, a policy support system, an institutional and technological innovation system, and an incentive and restraint mechanism by 2010. According to the characteristics of our country's mineral resources, we will implement efficient development and intensive utilization, continuously improve the efficiency of resource recycling, significantly reduce the amount of waste disposal, and build a large number of typical demonstration enterprises that meet the requirements for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and the development of circular economy. Promote green consumption and improve the recycling system of renewable resources. A batch of mines and mining cities that have a good effect of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and meet the requirements of circular economy development have been established. In the next 10 years, China will increase its comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to the advanced level in the world by 2020.
(2) Main indicators. Increased utilization of mineral resources and comprehensive utilization of associated and associated resources in China have increased by 5 percentage points in 20 years, and the average level of comprehensive utilization of resources has reached an international average level. Recycled metal steel (iron), copper, aluminum and lead accounted for refining The proportion of metal production reached 20%, 30%, 25% and 30% respectively, and the utilization of tailings reached 15%. By 2020, China's comprehensive utilization rate of mineral resources and comprehensive utilization of associated and associated resources will increase by 15 percentage points, and the average level of comprehensive utilization of resources will reach the world's advanced level. Recycled metal steel (iron), copper, aluminum, and lead account for the production of refined metals. The proportions have reached 30%, 40%, 35% and 40% respectively. Tailings utilization increased to 20%.
3. Key tasks for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in the near future
In the near future, we must use the scientific concept of development as guidance, strengthen comprehensive utilization, achieve efficient development and intensive use of mineral resources, and constantly increase resource utilization.
(l) Improve relevant laws and regulations and provide legal guarantees for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In the revision of the "Mineral Resources Law," it is proposed to increase the content of comprehensive utilization and resource conservation in the corresponding clauses, and further clarify the requirements for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and increase the rate of resource recovery.
(2) Strengthen the macro-control of mineral resources, do a good job of mineral resources planning, and formulate resource policies to promote the conservation and intensive use of mineral resources. Establishing the concept of circular economy, saving and intensive use of resources, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources in the Naren Mineral Resources Planning System. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will continue to include the country’s comprehensive use of preferential policies.
(3) To establish a basic research team for the comprehensive utilization of non-profit mineral resources, ensure the investment in science and technology, and concentrate on the development of technical resources for the development, application and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
(4) Implement demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources to promote the development of circular economy in the mineral resources sector. In addition to continuing to increase the support for the demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of the three major symbiotic mineral deposits in Baiyun Obo, Panzhihua, and Jinchuan, and expanding the demonstration role, a number of demonstration projects for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources will be distributed and implemented.
references
[1] Xu Shaoshi Accelerating the pace of development and reform and improving the ability to safeguard mineral resources. Journal of China Academy of Public Administration 20082, p4-7
[2] Zhang Xinan, Chen Congxi Analysis Report on China's Land and Resources Security 2004-2005. China Dadi Press. 2006
[3l more beautiful, Sun Yaguang. Research on the Relationship between Comprehensive Utilization of Mineral Resources and Geological Survey[J] Mineral Resources Protection and Utilization, 20085 p10 a 13
[4] Han Haiqing, Su Xun. Establishing and perfecting a new mechanism for the intensive use of land and mineral resources [J]. China Land and Resources Economics, 2008.3 p4-6
[5] Ministry of Finance, State Administration of Taxation, National Development and Reform Commission Document (Cai Shui [2008] No. 117). Announcement on the publication of the Catalogue of Corporate Income Taxes for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources (2008 Edition).
[6] People's Republic of China Circular Economy Promotion Law. Abstract: Comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue. Based on the analysis of the current problems in geological prospecting and utilization of mineral resources in China and their main reasons, this paper discusses the relationship between the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and geological prospecting, analyzes the potential for comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, and proposes that safeguarding scientific development must be taken into consideration. Geological prospecting and comprehensive utilization of resources, and further put forward the task and focus of comprehensive utilization of mineral resources.
Keywords: mineral resources comprehensive utilization geological prospecting
I. Introduction
The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is not only an important part of geological prospecting and exploration, but also an important way for resource conservation and conservation. The comprehensive utilization of mineral resources includes two aspects. The first is the comprehensive development and rational use of symbiotic and associated minerals in the development of mineral resources; the second is the waste residue, waste water (waste liquid), waste gas, and waste heat generated in the future production process. , residual pressure and other recycling and rational use.
In recent years, with the intensification of resource bottlenecks and the implementation of the basic national policy for resource conservation, the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and mining circular economy have received increasing attention. Since 2004, the Information Center of the Ministry of Land and Resources has successively carried out strategic research on the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources, research on China's strategy for the use of low-grade mineral resources, research on strategies and management mechanisms for the conservation of mineral resources, and other research topics. China Geological Survey carried out research projects on the conservation and comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. The Ministry of Land and Resources held the China Mining Circular Economy Forum and the Mining Recycling Economy Advanced Forum. In 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission formulated and issued the “Guidelines for Comprehensive Utilization of Resources for the 11th Five-Year Plan,†which covers the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources. In 2008, the state promulgated the “Circular Economy Promotion Lawâ€, which provides regulations for the promotion of recycling economy in mining industry. It can be seen that the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources is a very important issue.当å‰ï¼Œå›½åœŸèµ„æºéƒ¨æ£åœ¨å¼€å±•åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿å¤§è®¨è®ºï¼Œç ”究矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨ä¸Žåœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿çš„关系ã€çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ½œåŠ›ï¼Œæ出矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨çš„ç›®æ ‡å’Œé‡ç‚¹ï¼Œå¯¹äºŽå›½åœŸèµ„æºä¿éšœç§‘å¦å‘展具有é‡è¦çš„现实æ„义。
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我国矿产资æºæ€»é‡ä¸°å¯Œï¼ŒçŸ¿ç§è¾ƒä¸ºé½å…¨ï¼Œé…套程度较高。但是，由于我国人å£ä¼—多，人å‡å 有矿产资æºé‡ç›¸å¯¹ä¸è¶³ã€‚石油ã€å¤©ç„¶æ°”ã€é“ã€é“œã€é’¾ç›ã€é‡‘刚石ç‰é‡è¦çŸ¿äº§ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯å¤§å®—矿产的探明储é‡ä¸¥é‡ä¸è¶³æˆ–çŸç¼ºã€‚我国矿产资æºåˆ†å¸ƒæœ‰ä»¥ä¸‹å‡ 个çªå‡ºç‰¹ç‚¹ã€‚
1.贫矿多，富矿少
在我国已ç»æŽ¢æ˜Žå‚¨é‡çš„159ç§çŸ¿äº§ä¸ï¼Œä¸€äº›é‡è¦çŸ¿äº§å¦‚é“矿ã€é“œçŸ¿ã€ç£·çŸ¿ç‰å·²ç»æŽ¢æ˜Žå‚¨é‡çš„矿床大多数是贫矿。其ä¸ï¼ŒæŸ¥æ˜Žèµ„æºå‚¨é‡ä¸ï¼Œé“矿平å‡å“ä½ä¸º32%，å“ä½å¤§äºŽ48％的富é“矿仅å 我国查明é“矿资æºå‚¨é‡çš„1.9%，有47.6％是贫矿；铜矿平å‡å“ä½ä»…为0.87%，ä¸åŠä¸–界主è¦ç”Ÿäº§è´¸æ˜“大国的铜矿石å“ä½çš„1/3ï¼›å“ä½å¤§äºŽ1％的富铜矿仅å 我国查明铜矿资æºå‚¨é‡çš„30.5%，å¦å¤–69.5％是低å“ä½çŸ¿ï¼›æˆ‘国é“土矿资æº60％以上是é“硅比å°äºŽ7的低å“ä½çŸ¿ã€‚
2.难采ã€éš¾é€‰ã€éš¾å†¶çŸ¿å¤šï¼Œæ˜“采ã€æ˜“选ã€æ˜“冶矿少
在已探明的é“矿储é‡ä¸ï¼Œæœ‰1/3是微细粒嵌布的难选赤é“矿。需选贫矿ä¸ï¼Œç£é“矿å 贫矿总é‡çš„48.8%，钒钦ç£é“矿å 20.8%，赤é“矿å 20.8%，混åˆçŸ¿ï¼ˆç£èµ¤ã€ç£è±ã€èµ¤è±é“矿的共生矿）å 3.5%，è±é“矿å 3.7%，è¤é“矿å 2.4%；我国é“土矿资æºæ€»é‡98ï¼…ä»¥ä¸Šä¸ºåŠ å·¥è€—èƒ½å¤§çš„ä¸€æ°´ç¡¬é“石；我国部分矿山铅锌矿å“ä½è™½ç„¶è¾ƒé«˜ï¼Œä½†ç›¸å½“大一部分氧化矿暂难有效利用。如我国最大的兰åªé“…锌矿，数以百万å¨è®¡çš„氧化矿åªèƒ½å †æ”¾å¾…用。这些难选冶矿产在近期内难以开å‘利用。
3.共生ã€ä¼´ç”ŸçŸ¿åºŠå¤šï¼Œå•ä¸€çŸ¿åºŠå°‘
我国矿产赋å˜å¦ä¸€ä¸ªç‰¹ç‚¹æ˜¯å…±ç”Ÿã€ä¼´ç”ŸçŸ¿åºŠå¤šï¼Œå•ä¸€çŸ¿åºŠå°‘。如我国铜铅锌矿共伴生组份å¤æ‚，选矿难度较大。在有色金属矿山ä¸ï¼Œå…±ä¼´ç”Ÿæœ‰ç”¨ç»„份大都能得到ä¸åŒç¨‹åº¦çš„综åˆå›žæ”¶åˆ©ç”¨ã€‚45ç§å…±ã€ä¼´ç”Ÿç»„份ä¸ï¼Œå¯åˆ©ç”¨33ç§ï¼Œç»¼åˆå›žæ”¶çš„金属é‡å 全国金属总产é‡çš„15％。综åˆç»Ÿè®¡èµ„料显示，35％的黄金ã€90％的银ã€100%çš„é“‚æ—å…ƒç´ å’Œ75ï¼…çš„ç¡«é“矿都是通过综åˆåˆ©ç”¨å¾—到的。
4.ä¸å°åž‹çŸ¿åºŠå¤šï¼Œå¤§åž‹ã€ç‰¹å¤§åž‹çŸ¿åºŠå°‘
以大宗有色金属铜ã€é“…ã€é”Œä¸ºä¾‹ï¼šæˆ‘国已勘查的900多个铜矿山ä¸ï¼Œå‚¨é‡è¶…过50万å¨çš„ä»…å 1/3。全çƒå·²æŽ¢æ˜Žå‚¨é‡è¶…500万å¨çš„60个大型矿山ä¸ï¼Œæˆ‘国仅有玉龙铜矿和德兴铜矿两个，且排ä½å±…åŽã€‚世界铅锌矿储é‡è¶…500万å¨çš„有39个，我国仅å 3座。
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（二）矿产资æºçš„综åˆåˆ©ç”¨ä¸Žåœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿çš„关系
1.矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ˜¯åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿çš„å‰æ
开展地质找矿首先è¦è§£å†³ä»€ä¹ˆæ˜¯â€œçŸ¿â€çš„问题。所谓“矿â€æ˜¯ä¾æ®çŸ¿äº§å·¥ä¸šæŒ‡æ ‡åœˆå®šçš„有用矿物组份，通常用矿石å“ä½è¡¨ç¤ºã€‚矿石å“ä½ï¼Œæ˜¯æŒ‡é‡‘属矿床和部分éžé‡‘属矿床（如磷ç°çŸ³ã€é’¾ç›ã€è¤çŸ³ç‰ï¼‰ä¸æœ‰ç”¨ç»„份的富集程度åŠå•ä½å«é‡ã€‚矿石å“ä½é«˜ä½Žå†³å®šçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºå¼€å‘利用价值大å°ã€åŠ 工利用方å‘与生产技术工艺æµç¨‹ç‰ã€‚原矿å“ä½çš„高低表示原矿的富贫程度，精矿å“ä½çš„高低则åæ˜ æŸç§å›žæ”¶æˆåˆ†ï¼Œé€‰äººç²¾çŸ¿ä¸çš„富贫程度。矿石的工业å“ä½æ˜¯é‡è¦çš„çŸ¿çŸ³å·¥ä¸šæŒ‡æ ‡ï¼Œéšå›½å®¶ç»æµŽæ”¿ç–ã€ç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯çš„è¿›æ¥ã€çŸ¿åºŠåœ°è´¨æ¡ä»¶åŠçŸ¿çŸ³éœ€æ±‚程度而å˜åŒ–。如19世纪åˆï¼Œå«é“œé‡10％的铜矿æ‰åŠ 以开采，而现今å«é“œ0.5％的斑岩铜矿已大规模开采。开展矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨ï¼Œä¸ä»…å¯ä»¥é™ä½ŽçŸ¿çŸ³å·¥ä¸šå“ä½ï¼Œå¢žåŠ 矿产产é‡ï¼›è€Œä¸”å¯ä»¥ç»¼åˆå›žæ”¶å…±ä¼´ç”ŸçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºï¼Œå‘现新型矿产资æºï¼Œå¢žåŠ 矿石å“ç§ï¼Œæ‰©å¤§æ‰¾çŸ¿èŒƒå›´ï¼Œå‡å°‘废物排放，从而æ高资æºåˆ©ç”¨çš„ç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Šã€ç¤¾ä¼šå议和环境效益。
2.矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ˜¯çŸ¿äº§åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿è¯„ä»·çš„é‡è¦å†…容
矿产地质勘查通则规定，矿产地质勘查必须åšæŒâ€œç»¼åˆå‹˜æŸ¥ã€ç»¼åˆè¯„ä»·â€çš„原则，åšåˆ°å……分利用，åˆç†ä¿æŠ¤çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºã€‚对矿产资æºè¿›è¡Œç»¼åˆå‹˜æŸ¥ã€ç»¼åˆè¯„价包括：一是查明共伴生矿产资æºçš„ç§ç±»ã€å«é‡ã€èµ‹å˜çŠ¶æ€å’Œåˆ†å¸ƒæƒ…况ã€çŸ¿çŸ³ç»“æž„å’Œæž„é€ ç‰¹å¾ï¼Œç ”究共伴生组份综åˆå›žæ”¶åˆ©ç”¨çš„å¯èƒ½æ€§ï¼Œç”¨ç»¼åˆå“ä½åœˆå®šè¯¾é¢˜å¹¶è¿›è¡Œå‚¨é‡è®¡ç®—；二是对未æ¥ç”Ÿäº§å·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¯èƒ½äº§ç”Ÿçš„废渣ã€åºŸæ°´ï¼ˆåºŸæ¶²ï¼‰ã€åºŸæ°”ã€ä½™çƒã€ä½™åŽ‹ç‰èµ„æºè¿›è¡Œå›žæ”¶å’Œåˆ©ç”¨ï¼Œä»Žè€Œæ‰©å¤§èµ„æºçš„å¯åˆ©ç”¨é‡ã€‚
3.现有资æºå½¢åŠ¿è¿«åˆ‡éœ€è¦å¼€å±•çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨
一方é¢æˆ‘国矿产资æºç‰¹ç‚¹æ˜¯è´«çŸ¿å¤šã€å…±ä¼´ç”ŸçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºå¤šï¼ŒæˆçŸ¿åœ°è´¨æ¡ä»¶å†³å®šäº†è¦å¼€å±•çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ‰èƒ½æ›´å¥½åœ°åˆ©ç”¨çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºï¼›å¦ä¸€æ–¹é¢ï¼Œç»è¿‡å¤šå¹´çš„矿产资æºå¼€å‘和利用åŽï¼Œæˆ‘国已探明的矿产资æºä¸ï¼Œå˜åœ¨å¤§é‡çš„å› æŠ€æœ¯ç»æµŽæ¡ä»¶ä»¥å‰ä¸å…·å¤‡å¼€å‘利用æ¡ä»¶çš„低å“ä½ã€éš¾é€‰å†¶èµ„æºï¼›è¿˜æœ‰å°±æ˜¯è¿‡åŽ»å¼€å‘过程ä¸å½¢æˆçš„残矿ã€å°¾çŸ¿å’ŒåºŸå¼ƒç‰©ï¼Œå…¶ä¸æœ‰å¤§é‡çš„二次资æºç»è¿‡ç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨å¯ä»¥è¢«å›žæ”¶å’Œåˆ©ç”¨ï¼›ä¸‰æ˜¯ç¤¾ä¼šè¿›æ¥å’Œè½å®žç§‘å¦å‘展观，也è¦æ±‚改å˜è¿‡åŽ»é•¿æœŸå˜åœ¨çš„粗放å¼å¼€å‘利用，综åˆåˆ©ç”¨çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºï¼Œæ‰©å¤§èµ„æºä¾›åº”æ¥æºï¼Œé™ä½Žå¼€å‘利用æˆæœ¬ï¼Œä¸ºæˆ‘国ç»æµŽç¤¾ä¼šå¯æŒç»å‘展æ供资æºä¿éšœã€‚
矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ—¢æ˜¯å¼€æºï¼Œä¹Ÿæ˜¯èŠ‚æµã€‚è¦è§£å†³çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºä¿éšœå’Œå®‰å…¨ä¾›åº”问题，必须统ç¹å…¼é¡¾åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿ä¸Žç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨ï¼Œç‰¹åˆ«æ˜¯è¦æŠŠçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨æ”¾åœ¨çªå‡ºä½ç½®ï¼Œè¿™æ˜¯è§£å†³æˆ‘国资æºä¿æŠ¤å’Œåˆç†åˆ©ç”¨é—®é¢˜çš„长久之计。
三ã€åœ°è´¨æ‰¾çŸ¿ä¸ŽçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºåˆ©ç”¨å˜åœ¨çš„问题åŠä¸»è¦åŽŸå›
（一）地质找矿难度大，效果ä¸ä½³
找矿难度越æ¥è¶Šå¤§ï¼Œæ–°å‘现大型特大型矿产地越æ¥è¶Šå°‘。我国的矿产资æºç»è¿‡æ•°ç™¾å¹´çš„探寻和开å‘，地表åŠæµ…部矿产资æºå¤šå·²è¢«å‘现和利用。从整体而言，矿产资æºçš„æ–°å‘现å‘地下深部和海域å‘展，å‘现和开å‘利用的难度ã€é£Žé™©æ€§è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå¤§ï¼Œå‰æœŸæŠ•äººæˆæœ¬äº¦è¶Šæ¥è¶Šé«˜ã€‚而且这ç§æ‰¾çŸ¿éš¾åº¦åœ°å¢žåŠ 是全çƒæ€§çš„ï¼Œå¦‚åŠ æ‹¿å¤§å‹˜æŽ¢ä¸Žå¼€å‘者年会（PDAC）作为固体矿产勘探与开å‘çš„å…¨çƒæ€§ä¼šè®®ï¼Œåœ°çƒç‰©ç†è¶Šæ¥è¶Šå—到关注，从一个侧é¢åæ˜ äº†æ‰¾çŸ¿éš¾åº¦åŠ å¤§ï¼ŒçŸ¿äº§å‹˜æŸ¥å¯¹ç‰©æŽ¢çš„éœ€æ±‚ã€‚ä»ŽçŸ¿åºŠå‹˜æŸ¥æ·±åº¦æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œ20世纪50年代铜ã€é•ã€é‡‘ç‰10个矿ç§çŸ¿åºŠçš„最大平å‡åŸ‹è—深度是201米，到20世纪90å¹´ä»£å¢žåŠ åˆ°364米，找矿难度较20世纪50å¹´ä»£å¢žåŠ äº†2.31å€ï¼Œæˆ‘国找矿难度表现为刚性递增的趋势。
æ‰¾çŸ¿éš¾åº¦çš„å¢žåŠ ï¼Œå¯¼è‡´çš„æŸ¥æ˜Žèµ„æºå‚¨é‡å¢žé•¿ç¼“慢，使我国主è¦çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºä¾›éœ€å½¢åŠ¿æ—¥ç›Šä¸¥å³»ï¼Œè‡ª20世纪80年代以æ¥æˆ‘国铜ã€é“ã€é“…ã€é”Œã€é’¨ã€é•ç‰å¹´æŽ¢æ˜Žèµ„æºé‡åŸºæœ¬å‘ˆé€å¹´ä¸‹é™çš„趋势。今åŽ10年若没有é‡å¤§æ‰¾çŸ¿çªç ´ï¼Œæˆ‘国主è¦é‡‘属矿产对国外的ä¾èµ–程度将继ç»åŠ å¤§ã€‚å› æ¤ï¼Œåœ¨è¿‘期地质勘查ä¸èƒ½å–å¾—é‡å¤§æ‰¾çŸ¿çªç ´æ—¶ï¼ŒåŠ 强矿产资æºç»¼åˆåˆ©ç”¨ï¼Œæ‰©å¤§èµ„æºä¾›åº”æ¥æºï¼Œæ高矿产资æºåˆ©ç”¨çŽ‡ï¼Œæ˜¯è§£å†³çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºç“¶é¢ˆçº¦æŸå’Œä¿éšœå›½å®¶èµ„æºå®‰å…¨çš„必然选择。
（二）矿产资æºç²—放开å‘，低效利用
1949å¹´æ–°ä¸å›½æˆç«‹ä»¥æ¥ï¼Œæˆ‘国在采选冶åŠåŠ 工利用矿产资æºæ–¹é¢å–得了一定进展，基本满足了社会ç»æµŽå‘展需求。特别是2005年开展全国整顿规范矿产资æºå¼€å‘秩åºä»¥æ¥ï¼Œå„ç§çŸ¿äº§èµ„æºè¿è§„è¿æ³•è¡Œä¸ºå¾—到了全é¢æ¸…ç†å’ŒæŸ¥å¤„，关é—了一批è¿æ³•å¼€é‡‡å’Œèµ„æºåˆ©ç”¨çŽ‡ä¸é«˜ã€å˜åœ¨ä¸¥é‡å®‰å…¨éšæ‚£çš„矿山，矿产资æºå¼€å‘秩åºè¶‹äºŽç¨³å®šã€‚矿产资æºå¼€å‘æ•´åˆå·¥ä½œå–得了阶段性æˆæ•ˆï¼ŒçŸ¿å±±å¸ƒå±€ä¸åˆç†çŠ¶å†µå¾—到明显改善，矿产资æºå¼€å‘利用规模化ã€é›†çº¦åŒ–程度明显æ高。然而，我国ä»å¤„于工业化ä¸æœŸï¼ŒçŸ¿äº§èµ„æºå¼€å‘利用水平和能æºã€èµ„æºåˆ©ç”¨çŽ‡ä»ç„¶ä¸é«˜ã€‚å…·ä½“è¡¨çŽ°åœ¨ä»¥ä¸‹å‡ æ–¹é¢ï¼š
1.矿山规模å°ï¼Œé›†çº¦åŒ–利用水平低
尽管ç»è¿‡10余年ä¸æ‡ˆåœ°æ”¹é©ä¸Žè°ƒæ•´ï¼Œæˆ‘国éžæ²¹æ°”矿山ä¼ä¸šæ•°å’Œä»Žä¸šäººå‘˜æ•°ä»Ž1990å¹´çš„24.927万个和1420.464万人é™è‡³2007å¹´çš„12.493万个和759.471万人，基本上å‡å°‘了一åŠï¼›ä½†ä¾ç„¶æ˜¯ä¸–界上最庞大的矿业队ä¼ã€‚å…¶ä¸ï¼Œå¤§åž‹çŸ¿å±±4014家，ä¸åž‹çŸ¿å±±5757家，å°åž‹çŸ¿å±±59446家，å°çŸ¿55714家。大ã€ä¸åž‹çŸ¿å±±ä»…å 矿山ä¼ä¸šæ€»æ•°çš„7.82%，å°åž‹åŠä»¥ä¸‹çŸ¿å±±å´å 矿山ä¼ä¸šæ€»æ•°çš„92％以上。
2.资æºå›žæ”¶çŽ‡ä½Žï¼Œæµªè´¹èµ„æºä¸¥é‡
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Reflective glass is clear or tinted glass that has a very thin layer of metal or metallic oxide on the surface. The reflective coating is applied during the float process. The thicker the glass is, the less light will pass through the window. The reflective coating reduces heat gain and glare from the outside while allowing visible light to enter. Toughened Reflective can be used directly, and also can be processed into Laminated Glass, Insulated Glass for windows, doors, building walls and so on.
Tempered Glass is often used in applications where using standard glass could pose a potential danger. Tempered glass is stronger than standard glass and does not shatter into large shards when broken. This is important, because it can greatly minimize potential danger in the case of a break. Manufactured through a process of extreme heating and rapid cooling, tempered glass is much harder than normal glass.
In the case that tempered glass does break, it shatters into small pebbles that are void of dangerous, sharp edges. As tempered glass is considered to be much safer than normal glass, you may often here it referred to as safety glass or TOUGHENED GLASS . Tempered glass has a wide variety of uses that you'll find just about everywhere. In fact, the shower doors in your bathroom or the side glass on a motor vehicle are examples of tempered glass.
Annealed float glass mainly clear float glass, ultra clear float glass, color tinted glass, reflective glass, they are substrate, can be processed into tempered glass, laminated glass, insulated glass, LOW-E glass, Frosted Glass , Back Painted Glass, Printed Glass , coated glass. Tinted reflective glass mainly brown, grey, blue, green. It can be processed into colored reflective tempered glass, Reflective tempered laminated glass, Reflective Insulated Glass and so on on customer's request.
Custom Tempered Reflective Glass, Reflective Tempered Insulated Glass, Tempered Glass Reflection, Reflective Laminated Glass
Shanghai Lead Glass Co.,Ltd , https://www.leadglazing.com