I. Preface 
1. Manufacturing is the pillar industry of the national economy
According to a report published by the American Manufacturing Association (AMT) in 2000, manufacturing is the number one driver of economic growth in the United States in the 1990s. In 1992-1997, 29% of US GDP growth came from manufacturing. In the same period, the US manufacturing industry grew at an annual rate of 5.2%, higher than the economic growth rate of 3.1%. According to statistics, 24% of US economic growth from 1992 to 1998 was attributed to export growth, with manufacturing accounting for 62% of total exports. Manufacturing is also a major force driving technological advancement in the United States, with 57% of all research and development investments in the United States coming from manufacturing. Manufacturing is also the engine of China's rapid economic growth. The growth rate of China's manufacturing industry is about 3 to 8 percentage points higher than the growth rate of GDP. Statistics from 2001 show that the added value of China's manufacturing industry is 376.31 billion yuan, accounting for 39.21% of the gross national product, accounting for 77.61% of the total industrial output; the tax paid is 439.871 billion yuan, accounting for 30% of the total national tax revenue and fiscal revenue. 27% of the total; foreign exchange earned by manufacturing exports was 239.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 90% of the country's total foreign trade exports. However, the labor productivity of China's manufacturing industry is only equivalent to 1/23 of the United States, 1/25 of Japan, and 1/18 of Germany. There is a huge gap with developed countries. 
2. Tool is an important foundation for the development of manufacturing industry
Countries with developed manufacturing industries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan are all countries with advanced cutting tools. Advanced tools are not only an important driving force for the development of manufacturing technology, but also an important means to improve product quality and reduce processing costs. Tools and machine tools have always been mutually restrictive and mutually reinforcing. Today's advanced CNC machine tools have become the main equipment of modern manufacturing. Together with the advanced tools developed simultaneously, it has promoted the advancement of processing technology and made manufacturing technology enter a new era of CNC machining. Advances in the machining of car engine crankshafts are a good example: the crankshaft was machined in the 1960s for turning and the 70s for milling. In the past few years, we also said that the invention of the crankshaft-broaching machine has doubled the cutting efficiency and brought about revolutionary changes in processing equipment and processing methods. Now, there is a more efficient crankshaft high-speed milling cutter. For example, superhard tools, ceramic tools and coated tools are produced along with high-power, high-rigidity, high-speed, high-feed machines. In addition to the car industry, advanced cutting technology and cutting tools are also an important foundation for the rapid development of aerospace, energy transportation, mold, electronics and other sectors in the manufacturing industry.
3. The development of manufacturing industry has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the tool industry. In recent years, China's automobile industry represented by cars has achieved rapid growth. China's production of cars and cars is expected to reach 4 million and 1.5 million vehicles this year, and China has become the world's fifth-largest auto producer. The world's automobile powers are all big tool countries. Authorities predict that by 2010 China will become the world's second largest automobile producer after the United States, and it will inevitably be a greater demand for advanced cutting technology and tools. The development of the car industry has driven the development of China's manufacturing industry and the advancement of manufacturing technology, and has brought unprecedented opportunities for development in the machine tool and tool industry. Since 1999, China's machine tool consumption has grown at a rate of 27.6% per year. In 2002, China surpassed Germany and the United States to become the world's largest machine tool consumer. It is expected that the climax of an advanced tool demand and consumption will come soon. 
Second, the world's cutting technology has made significant progress
From a global perspective, significant advances have been made in tooling and cutting technology with the development of manufacturing and manufacturing technologies. In the past 20 years, CNC machine tools, CNC systems, tool materials and coatings have developed greatly and reached a new level. Together with the continuous innovation of tool structure, cutting has entered a new stage of high-speed cutting. Its main technical features are The cutting speed is increased by 5 to 10 times. Examples of high-speed cutting in industrial production at this stage are shown in Table 1. 
Table 1. Examples of high-speed cutting at the present stage Milling: CBN milling gray cast iron -1000 ~ 2000m / min; PCD milling aluminum alloy - 3000 ~ 4000m / min
Turning: silicon nitride ceramic turning gray cast iron -500 ~ 700m / min; CBN turning hardened steel (60HRC) -100 ~ 200m / min; CBN turning gray cast iron brake disc -700 ~ 1000m / min
Drilling: Solid carbide drill bit ash cast iron -100m/min
Tapping: Cobalt high speed steel wire cone processing malleable cast iron (M14×1.5)-61m/min
Hobbing: Carbide hob machining 16MnCr5-350m/min; cermet hob machining 16MnCr5-600m/min
The advantages of high-speed cutting are mainly reflected in the following aspects: the production efficiency is increased by 50%~100% compared with 10 years ago; the cutting force is small, the product quality is improved; the manufacturing cost is reduced (the efficiency of processing, the labor cost of processing individual parts, Machine tool costs have dropped significantly; new technologies such as dry cutting and hard cutting have been developed. 
The following is a brief introduction to the development of tool materials, coatings and cutting techniques and their impact on machining. 
1. Tool material
The development of tool materials from high-speed steel → hard alloy → ceramic → super-hard materials, high-performance materials continue to replace low-performance materials, cutting speed and processing efficiency continue to increase. Table 2 shows the composition of tool materials in 1998 and in 2005. 
Table 2. Comparison of tool material composition in 1998 and 2005 Tool material - 1998-2005 Uncoated cemented carbide -25%-17%
CVD coated cemented carbide -43% -38%
PVD coated cemented carbide -10%-15%
Alumina ceramics -4% - 4%
Silicon nitride ceramic-4%-4%
Cermet -10%-11%
CBN-2%-5%
Diamond - 3% - 5%
Diamond coating -0.2%-1%
(Note: The proportion of each part in 1998 is greater than 1, the original information is so.)
(1) Cemented carbide is currently the most used tool material. In order to optimize the processing process, new series of hard alloys have been developed for different processing methods and materials to be processed at home and abroad. The application range of various coated carbide tools covers most areas of machining, and can meet the requirements of high-speed cutting, dry cutting and hard cutting of steel, cast iron, non-ferrous metals, stainless steel and other materials. 
The appearance of fine particles and ultrafine particle cemented carbide (hereinafter collectively referred to as fine particle cemented carbide) is a major breakthrough in the development of cemented carbide technology in recent years. Since the performance of fine-grained cemented carbide is significantly improved compared with ordinary cemented carbide, the cutting speed of the tool is greatly improved. In addition, small and medium-sized drills, taps and end mills made of fine-grained hard alloys have driven a wide range of general-purpose tools into the field of high-speed cutting. Shanghai Volkswagen has introduced the hole machining tools on the two engine production lines from high-speed steel to cemented carbide, which greatly improves the processing efficiency is a good example. 
(2) Ceramic knives are mainly used for roughing and finishing of wear-resistant materials, hardened materials and difficult-to-machine materials. Ceramic materials have higher wear resistance than hard alloys but are relatively brittle. From alumina (Al2O3) ceramics to hybrid ceramics and silicon nitride-based ceramics, efforts have been made to improve the toughness of ceramic materials themselves, as well as measures such as infiltration of bonding materials or TiC whiskers to enhance toughness. The performance of some ceramic materials has entered the range of strength and toughness of cemented carbide, and the application field has also expanded. 
(3) Among superhard tools, PCD has become the main tool material for efficient processing of aluminum alloy, non-metal materials and synthetic materials, while CBN has been widely used in the fields of hard cutting, dry cutting and finishing of cast iron. In the past, the bottleneck of ultra-hard tool application due to unstable brittle performance has been broken: the speed of CBN tool processing iron cylinder hole has reached 2000m/min, and the speed of PCD tool milling aluminum alloy cylinder has reached 4000m/min; The aerospace sector has milled aluminum alloys at speeds of up to 7,000 m/min. 
(4) High-performance high-speed steel still occupies an important place in tool materials. At present, the amount of ordinary high-speed steel is shrinking, and the amount of high-performance cobalt-containing high-speed steel and powder metallurgy high-speed steel is increasing. The highest quenching hardness of cobalt high-speed steel represented by M42 and ASP30 is 70HRC, and high-speed steel has the unique advantages of high strength, sharp edge, impact resistance and heat resistance. It consumes less energy during cutting, has low cutting temperature, no work hardening, and good surface quality. It is used on general-purpose tools, complex tools, and difficult-to-machine tools to improve cutting speed and machining efficiency. 
2. Coating Technology
The development of coating technology can be summarized in three sentences: First, chemical coating is still the main force of tool coating; second, physical coating has made remarkable progress; third, the contribution of coating to tool performance is constant increase. 
(1) Chemical coating (CVD) is still the main method of coating of cemented carbide tools. The first advantage is that the bonding strength with the tool base is high; the second is that the composite coating can be easily realized, that is, the high temperature oxidation resistance (Al2O3) and the wear resistance (TiC, TiCN, TiBN according to different processing methods and the need of cutting different materials) Etc.) Combined with a coating that reduces the coefficient of friction (TiN) for optimum cutting results. The shortage of chemical coating is that the processing temperature is too high (1000 ° C), which reduces the bending strength of the tool base material. The inside of the coating film is in a tensile stress state, which tends to cause micro cracks. The exhaust gas and waste liquid discharged from the coating process have a large pollution to the environment and also restrict its development. 
In the mid-1990s, medium-temperature chemical vapor deposition (MT-CVD) technology appeared in foreign countries. It used acetonitrile (CH3CN) as the main reaction gas to chemically react with TiCl4, H2 and N2 at 700-900 °C to form TiCN. A new method. The resulting dense fibrous crystalline form of the coating structure has extremely high abrasion resistance, thermal shock resistance and toughness. It is also possible to use conventional CVD (high temperature chemical vapor deposition) in a single furnace to deposit Al2O3, TiN and other materials with high temperature resistance, good oxidation performance, low affinity with the material to be processed, and good self-lubricating properties. This composite coated tool is used under high speed, high temperature, heavy load and dry cutting conditions, and its life can be increased by about 1 time compared with ordinary coated blades. However, acetonitrile (CH3CN) is a highly toxic substance and must have strict environmental protection measures in its production. 
The chemical coating improves the overall performance of the tool through the combination of Al2O3 and TiCN, and the improvement of the matrix and its surface properties. CVD and MT-CVD are mainly used in carbide and milling tools. They are suitable for roughing and semi-finishing of medium, heavy and high speed cutting, especially in dry cutting. 
(2) The PVD coating technology has made significant progress and the variety has increased, which basically solved the "droplet" problem of the multi-arc process, developed nano-coating, and the performance of the coating was significantly improved. Physical coatings (PVD) are initially used only for coatings of high speed steel tools due to their low processing temperature (can be controlled below 500 °C), and physical coatings are now fully utilized on carbide tools. The new PVD coating grades are shown in Table 3. 
Table 3. New Coatings for Physical Coatings - Color - Hardness (GPa) - Thickness (μm) - Coefficient of Friction - Maximum Operating Temperature (°C) - Description TiAIN Monolayer - Purple Black -35-1 to 4-0.5-800 -Universal high performance coating TiAIN multilayer - violet black -28-1 ~ 4-0.6-700 - suitable for interrupted cutting TiCN-MP-red-copper-32-1~4-0.2-400-high toughness universal coating Layer MOVIC-green-grey-/-0.5～1.5-0.15-400-MoS2 base coating CrN-silver bright-18-1～4-0.3-700-suitable for processing copper, titanium TiAlCN-red-violet-28- 1～4-0.25-500-High Performance Universal Coating CBC(DLC)-Gray-20-0.5～4-0.15-400-Lubricating Coating CRADVIC-Gray-28-1.5～6-0.15-400-TiAlCN+CBC
AlTiN-black-38-1～4-0.7-800- is a high performance coating ΜAlTiN-black-38-1～2-0.3-800-coating surface quality is good AlTiN/SiN-紫兰-45-1～4 -0.45-1100-Nanostructures Among the many physical coating grades, TiAlN coatings play an important role. TiAlN decomposes Al2O3 at high temperature, has high temperature and oxidation resistance, can withstand high temperatures of 800 °C, and expands the range of physical coating tools. Composite coatings are an important development direction for physical coatings: multi-layer coatings prevent crack propagation, and composite coatings provide good overall performance. For example, the nanostructured AlTiN/SiN thin film coating not only has high bonding strength, hardness close to CBN, and good oxidation resistance, but also can effectively control the shape and precision of precision tool cutting edges, and can be used for high precision machining.
Compared with the CVD process, the PVD process has a low processing temperature, and has no effect on the flexural strength of the tool material below 600 ° C. The inside of the film is compressive stress, which is more suitable for the coating of hard and complex precision tools; PVD process to the environment There is no adverse impact and it is in line with the current development direction of green processing. In the past two years, the domestic tool industry has introduced physical coating processes and equipment. The domestic Wuhan University Wuda Hongyi New Materials Co., Ltd. has developed a nano-carbon nitride (CNx) super-hard coating process, which has been listed as a key industrialization demonstration project by the state.
Foreign countries have called superhard coatings, high-toughness superhard materials and high-toughness ceramics the future of cutting tools. Breaking through CBN and CNx (carbon nitride) coating technologies; developing nanostructured coatings and new composite coatings will make a greater contribution to the development of cutting tools.
3. Innovation in tool structure
The development of new machining processes and the development of new tool structures for the purpose of improving machining efficiency, product quality and cost reduction are called innovations in tool structure. Here are a few examples to illustrate. 
(1) Plunge milling cutter: variable radial feed is vertical feed (prong milling), so that the cutting force is mainly along the main shaft direction (the best direction of rigidity), which is used to cut off a large margin and improve production efficiency;
(2) Large feed milling cutter: This is a high-efficiency cutter with small depth of cut and large feed, with a feed rate of 3.5 mm per tooth;
(3) Multi-functional car blade: reduce tool change time in turning machining and improve machining efficiency;
(4) Non-equal carbide hard end mills: reduce vibration during milling, improve machining efficiency and machining quality, and extend tool life. 
(5) Multi-function milling cutter: A knife can be used for longitudinal, lateral, oblique and spiral feeding. Reduce tool change time and increase milling efficiency;
(6) Universal cutters such as end mills, drills, taps, etc., with the popularization of five-axis linkage CNC tool grinding machines, breaking through the constraints of standard tools, can innovate the structure of general-purpose tools according to the materials to be processed and the need to improve processing conditions. The best processing results. 
From the above examples, it can be seen that the innovation of the tool structure often achieves the effects of improving production efficiency, improving product quality and reducing processing cost without increasing the cost of the tool. 
Third, the historical responsibility of cutting workers
China is now a big manufacturing country and a tool-using power, but it is still far from being a manufacturing power and a tool power. The rapid development of domestic manufacturing industry and major advances in cutting technology have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of cutting tools in China. Seizing the opportunity to further improve the research and development and application level of cutting tools in China in the next 5 to 10 years is the historical responsibility of the vast number of cutting workers including tool technology research, product development, manufacturing and use departments. 
1. Promote advanced cutting tools and promote industrial restructuring
Although the tooling costs only account for a small proportion in machining, the advancement of tooling technology can often have a multiplier effect on the reduction of processing costs and product quality. In the case of car production, the consumption of tools only accounts for 3% of the manufacturing cost, but it affects 25% or more of the total manufacturing cost. The reason is that the use of advanced tools increases production efficiency, reduces the consumption of labor, equipment, management, and accessories that are distributed on each part, reducing total manufacturing costs and improving product quality.
The promotion of advanced tools requires both manufacturers and users. Some successful tool manufacturers have carried out successful case analysis, combined with the user's actual use of efficient and advanced tools to increase tool costs, improve product quality, reduce production costs, solve production bottlenecks and so on. Users get real benefits when using advanced tools. Promote advanced tools based on a win-win situation between manufacturers and users. 
More and more users in the manufacturing industry have benefited from the promotion of advanced tools and used more advanced tools, which will definitely form a huge market-oriented role and promote the upgrading of the industrial structure of China's tool industry. Some large enterprises in the tool industry are carrying out a new round of large-scale technological transformation around CNC tools. A number of private enterprises have established their own brands on CNC tools, and some have entered the complex tool field through holding. They are the forerunners and pioneers of the advanced tool market. 
2. Emphasis on talent training to improve the technological innovation capability of the industry
The prosperity of the industry depends on continuous technological innovation, and talent is the fundamental driving force for technological innovation. In the past few years, the tool industry has introduced a number of advanced cemented carbide production equipment and coating equipment. It has also introduced various machining centers and CNC tool grinding machines. However, most of the domestic car production lines and CNC machining tools are used by foreign brands. It’s not that the foreign tools are wrong, they all joined the WTO, and whoever used the tools to improve production efficiency and product quality. The question is why the same equipment can't do the same level of product. I think the problem lies in the "software", the gap is in the ability to innovate, and the key to innovation is talent. 
Nowadays, in the syllabus of college mechanism, the cutting principle, cutting tools, mechanical parts, tolerances, etc. are merged into a course of mechanical design, which greatly weakens the basic teaching of cutting technology which plays an important role in machining. In addition, a large number of knives trained for many years have been lost, and many people have gone to work in sales with good efficiency. The research and development of domestic cutting technology and cutting tools has been lacking. To change our country from a tool-using country to a tool-making country and a tool-powerful country, we must accelerate personnel training and improve the technological innovation capability of the industry. Otherwise, the promotion of China's advanced cutting tools will become a passive water, no roots. The above phenomena have begun to attract attention. Some companies with strategic vision have begun to act: some have set up postdoctoral mobile stations, take measures to retain and attract talents; others are entrusting the China Knife Association to organize professors and experts of domestic universities and enterprises. Employees carry out training. The China Knife Association will be duty-bound to do a good job in this aspect of training with the whole industry. In addition to holding various advanced tool discussions, lectures and continuing education for enterprises, we must also join you in calling for the importance of cutting theory in the mechanism of colleges and universities. And the teaching of tool knowledge, we also call on tool manufacturing and application companies to strengthen the cultivation of tool professionals. 
The technological innovation of the industry depends on the joint efforts of all our cutting workers. State-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises in the tool industry have different corporate culture backgrounds and have their own advantages and disadvantages. Everyone is both a competitor and a partner in the market. A foreign-invested company has proposed to establish a win-win cooperation relationship with users and competitors, indicating that they pay more attention to competition and pay more attention to cooperation, and know that only a win-win situation can prosper long-term. For a period of time, China's industrial industry has acquired many advanced technologies and equipment through technology introduction. In recent years, foreign well-known tool companies have established factories in China, bringing more advanced tool products and bringing advanced management concepts. But "takenism" does not apply to technological innovation. Moreover, the core technology development departments of foreign-funded enterprises have not entered China. We must make up our minds to do a good job in technological innovation on the basis of introduction and independent development. It is hoped that after three to five years of efforts in the whole industry, a group of talents will be trained and attracted, and a number of independent intellectual property rights will be obtained in the tool materials, coatings and tool structures, so that local tool companies can have strong technological innovation capabilities. .
3. Production, study and research work together to improve the level of metal cutting tools in China
At present, the technology and market competition pattern of the domestic tool industry has taken shape. Multinational tool companies have increased their investment and marketing efforts in China, bringing advanced products and technologies to the unprecedented fierce competition in the high-end tool market. The key state-owned key enterprises in the tool industry are carrying out a new round of technological transformation in order to meet market competition, such as Shanghai Tool Factory Co., Ltd. investing 120 million CNC and super hard tool projects, and Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Factory to build a diamond industrial park. A group of private tool companies have risen and created their own brand of CNC tools. The medium and small tool companies that are scattered all have their own market positioning and have found their own living space. The open market, the power of competition, the complementary advantages, and the willingness to cooperate will accelerate the development of cutting tools in China. 
To improve China's cutting technology level and to prosper China's tool industry, we must rely on the joint efforts of enterprises, institutions and individuals engaged in the research, production, teaching, promotion, application, management or sales of cutting tools in China. The China Knife Association is willing to build a stage for domestic cutting tools production, learning, research, mutual support, long-term cooperation and common prosperity. Our education and scientific research institutions should actively participate in the technological innovation activities of the industry in an open manner, train talents for the industry, and help enterprises to improve their technological innovation capabilities. State-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises in the tool industry should pay more attention to competition. Cooperation, in the provision of advanced products, also provides advanced technology; application units should use advanced cutting technology and vigorously promote advanced cutting tools to improve cutting levels.
Under the guidance of the policy of revitalizing the manufacturing industry at the 16th National Congress, China's manufacturing industry will continue to develop rapidly. Improving the level of metal cutting in China is the joint responsibility of units and individuals engaged in tool research, product development, manufacturing, promotion and application in China. The China Knife Association is an industry academic group composed of enterprises, institutions and individuals engaged in the research, production, teaching, promotion, application, management and sales of cutting tools. It is linked to enterprises, universities, research institutes, regional knife associations and media. The majority of member units in the range of expertise covers cutting technology, tool materials, coating technology and so on. The China Knife Association will strive to build a bridge between production, learning, research and use in the field of cutting, and organize members to serve the national key industries from the whole process of research-development-production-application. Let us work together to make unremitting efforts to improve the level of cutting technology in China and build a strong manufacturing country!
1. Manufacturing is the pillar industry of the national economy
According to a report published by the American Manufacturing Association (AMT) in 2000, manufacturing is the number one driver of economic growth in the United States in the 1990s. In 1992-1997, 29% of US GDP growth came from manufacturing. In the same period, the US manufacturing industry grew at an annual rate of 5.2%, higher than the economic growth rate of 3.1%. According to statistics, 24% of US economic growth from 1992 to 1998 was attributed to export growth, with manufacturing accounting for 62% of total exports. Manufacturing is also a major force driving technological advancement in the United States, with 57% of all research and development investments in the United States coming from manufacturing. Manufacturing is also the engine of China's rapid economic growth. The growth rate of China's manufacturing industry is about 3 to 8 percentage points higher than the growth rate of GDP. Statistics from 2001 show that the added value of China's manufacturing industry is 376.31 billion yuan, accounting for 39.21% of the gross national product, accounting for 77.61% of the total industrial output; the tax paid is 439.871 billion yuan, accounting for 30% of the total national tax revenue and fiscal revenue. 27% of the total; foreign exchange earned by manufacturing exports was 239.8 billion US dollars, accounting for 90% of the country's total foreign trade exports. However, the labor productivity of China's manufacturing industry is only equivalent to 1/23 of the United States, 1/25 of Japan, and 1/18 of Germany. There is a huge gap with developed countries. 
2. Tool is an important foundation for the development of manufacturing industry
Countries with developed manufacturing industries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan are all countries with advanced cutting tools. Advanced tools are not only an important driving force for the development of manufacturing technology, but also an important means to improve product quality and reduce processing costs. Tools and machine tools have always been mutually restrictive and mutually reinforcing. Today's advanced CNC machine tools have become the main equipment of modern manufacturing. Together with the advanced tools developed simultaneously, it has promoted the advancement of processing technology and made manufacturing technology enter a new era of CNC machining. Advances in the machining of car engine crankshafts are a good example: the crankshaft was machined in the 1960s for turning and the 70s for milling. In the past few years, we also said that the invention of the crankshaft-broaching machine has doubled the cutting efficiency and brought about revolutionary changes in processing equipment and processing methods. Now, there is a more efficient crankshaft high-speed milling cutter. For example, superhard tools, ceramic tools and coated tools are produced along with high-power, high-rigidity, high-speed, high-feed machines. In addition to the car industry, advanced cutting technology and cutting tools are also an important foundation for the rapid development of aerospace, energy transportation, mold, electronics and other sectors in the manufacturing industry.
3. The development of manufacturing industry has brought unprecedented opportunities and challenges to the tool industry. In recent years, China's automobile industry represented by cars has achieved rapid growth. China's production of cars and cars is expected to reach 4 million and 1.5 million vehicles this year, and China has become the world's fifth-largest auto producer. The world's automobile powers are all big tool countries. Authorities predict that by 2010 China will become the world's second largest automobile producer after the United States, and it will inevitably be a greater demand for advanced cutting technology and tools. The development of the car industry has driven the development of China's manufacturing industry and the advancement of manufacturing technology, and has brought unprecedented opportunities for development in the machine tool and tool industry. Since 1999, China's machine tool consumption has grown at a rate of 27.6% per year. In 2002, China surpassed Germany and the United States to become the world's largest machine tool consumer. It is expected that the climax of an advanced tool demand and consumption will come soon. 
Second, the world's cutting technology has made significant progress
From a global perspective, significant advances have been made in tooling and cutting technology with the development of manufacturing and manufacturing technologies. In the past 20 years, CNC machine tools, CNC systems, tool materials and coatings have developed greatly and reached a new level. Together with the continuous innovation of tool structure, cutting has entered a new stage of high-speed cutting. Its main technical features are The cutting speed is increased by 5 to 10 times. Examples of high-speed cutting in industrial production at this stage are shown in Table 1. 
Table 1. Examples of high-speed cutting at the present stage Milling: CBN milling gray cast iron -1000 ~ 2000m / min; PCD milling aluminum alloy - 3000 ~ 4000m / min
Turning: silicon nitride ceramic turning gray cast iron -500 ~ 700m / min; CBN turning hardened steel (60HRC) -100 ~ 200m / min; CBN turning gray cast iron brake disc -700 ~ 1000m / min
Drilling: Solid carbide drill bit ash cast iron -100m/min
Tapping: Cobalt high speed steel wire cone processing malleable cast iron (M14×1.5)-61m/min
Hobbing: Carbide hob machining 16MnCr5-350m/min; cermet hob machining 16MnCr5-600m/min
The advantages of high-speed cutting are mainly reflected in the following aspects: the production efficiency is increased by 50%~100% compared with 10 years ago; the cutting force is small, the product quality is improved; the manufacturing cost is reduced (the efficiency of processing, the labor cost of processing individual parts, Machine tool costs have dropped significantly; new technologies such as dry cutting and hard cutting have been developed. 
The following is a brief introduction to the development of tool materials, coatings and cutting techniques and their impact on machining. 
1. Tool material
The development of tool materials from high-speed steel → hard alloy → ceramic → super-hard materials, high-performance materials continue to replace low-performance materials, cutting speed and processing efficiency continue to increase. Table 2 shows the composition of tool materials in 1998 and in 2005. 
Table 2. Comparison of tool material composition in 1998 and 2005 Tool material - 1998-2005 Uncoated cemented carbide -25%-17%
CVD coated cemented carbide -43% -38%
PVD coated cemented carbide -10%-15%
Alumina ceramics -4% - 4%
Silicon nitride ceramic-4%-4%
Cermet -10%-11%
CBN-2%-5%
Diamond - 3% - 5%
Diamond coating -0.2%-1%
(Note: The proportion of each part in 1998 is greater than 1, the original information is so.)
(1) Cemented carbide is currently the most used tool material. In order to optimize the processing process, new series of hard alloys have been developed for different processing methods and materials to be processed at home and abroad. The application range of various coated carbide tools covers most areas of machining, and can meet the requirements of high-speed cutting, dry cutting and hard cutting of steel, cast iron, non-ferrous metals, stainless steel and other materials. 
The appearance of fine particles and ultrafine particle cemented carbide (hereinafter collectively referred to as fine particle cemented carbide) is a major breakthrough in the development of cemented carbide technology in recent years. Since the performance of fine-grained cemented carbide is significantly improved compared with ordinary cemented carbide, the cutting speed of the tool is greatly improved. In addition, small and medium-sized drills, taps and end mills made of fine-grained hard alloys have driven a wide range of general-purpose tools into the field of high-speed cutting. Shanghai Volkswagen has introduced the hole machining tools on the two engine production lines from high-speed steel to cemented carbide, which greatly improves the processing efficiency is a good example. 
(2) Ceramic knives are mainly used for roughing and finishing of wear-resistant materials, hardened materials and difficult-to-machine materials. Ceramic materials have higher wear resistance than hard alloys but are relatively brittle. From alumina (Al2O3) ceramics to hybrid ceramics and silicon nitride-based ceramics, efforts have been made to improve the toughness of ceramic materials themselves, as well as measures such as infiltration of bonding materials or TiC whiskers to enhance toughness. The performance of some ceramic materials has entered the range of strength and toughness of cemented carbide, and the application field has also expanded. 
(3) Among superhard tools, PCD has become the main tool material for efficient processing of aluminum alloy, non-metal materials and synthetic materials, while CBN has been widely used in the fields of hard cutting, dry cutting and finishing of cast iron. In the past, the bottleneck of ultra-hard tool application due to unstable brittle performance has been broken: the speed of CBN tool processing iron cylinder hole has reached 2000m/min, and the speed of PCD tool milling aluminum alloy cylinder has reached 4000m/min; The aerospace sector has milled aluminum alloys at speeds of up to 7,000 m/min. 
(4) High-performance high-speed steel still occupies an important place in tool materials. At present, the amount of ordinary high-speed steel is shrinking, and the amount of high-performance cobalt-containing high-speed steel and powder metallurgy high-speed steel is increasing. The highest quenching hardness of cobalt high-speed steel represented by M42 and ASP30 is 70HRC, and high-speed steel has the unique advantages of high strength, sharp edge, impact resistance and heat resistance. It consumes less energy during cutting, has low cutting temperature, no work hardening, and good surface quality. It is used on general-purpose tools, complex tools, and difficult-to-machine tools to improve cutting speed and machining efficiency. 
2. Coating Technology
The development of coating technology can be summarized in three sentences: First, chemical coating is still the main force of tool coating; second, physical coating has made remarkable progress; third, the contribution of coating to tool performance is constant increase. 
(1) Chemical coating (CVD) is still the main method of coating of cemented carbide tools. The first advantage is that the bonding strength with the tool base is high; the second is that the composite coating can be easily realized, that is, the high temperature oxidation resistance (Al2O3) and the wear resistance (TiC, TiCN, TiBN according to different processing methods and the need of cutting different materials) Etc.) Combined with a coating that reduces the coefficient of friction (TiN) for optimum cutting results. The shortage of chemical coating is that the processing temperature is too high (1000 ° C), which reduces the bending strength of the tool base material. The inside of the coating film is in a tensile stress state, which tends to cause micro cracks. The exhaust gas and waste liquid discharged from the coating process have a large pollution to the environment and also restrict its development. 
In the mid-1990s, medium-temperature chemical vapor deposition (MT-CVD) technology appeared in foreign countries. It used acetonitrile (CH3CN) as the main reaction gas to chemically react with TiCl4, H2 and N2 at 700-900 °C to form TiCN. A new method. The resulting dense fibrous crystalline form of the coating structure has extremely high abrasion resistance, thermal shock resistance and toughness. It is also possible to use conventional CVD (high temperature chemical vapor deposition) in a single furnace to deposit Al2O3, TiN and other materials with high temperature resistance, good oxidation performance, low affinity with the material to be processed, and good self-lubricating properties. This composite coated tool is used under high speed, high temperature, heavy load and dry cutting conditions, and its life can be increased by about 1 time compared with ordinary coated blades. However, acetonitrile (CH3CN) is a highly toxic substance and must have strict environmental protection measures in its production. 
The chemical coating improves the overall performance of the tool through the combination of Al2O3 and TiCN, and the improvement of the matrix and its surface properties. CVD and MT-CVD are mainly used in carbide and milling tools. They are suitable for roughing and semi-finishing of medium, heavy and high speed cutting, especially in dry cutting. 
(2) The PVD coating technology has made significant progress and the variety has increased, which basically solved the "droplet" problem of the multi-arc process, developed nano-coating, and the performance of the coating was significantly improved. Physical coatings (PVD) are initially used only for coatings of high speed steel tools due to their low processing temperature (can be controlled below 500 °C), and physical coatings are now fully utilized on carbide tools. The new PVD coating grades are shown in Table 3. 
Table 3. New Coatings for Physical Coatings - Color - Hardness (GPa) - Thickness (μm) - Coefficient of Friction - Maximum Operating Temperature (°C) - Description TiAIN Monolayer - Purple Black -35-1 to 4-0.5-800 -Universal high performance coating TiAIN multilayer - violet black -28-1 ~ 4-0.6-700 - suitable for interrupted cutting TiCN-MP-red-copper-32-1~4-0.2-400-high toughness universal coating Layer MOVIC-green-grey-/-0.5～1.5-0.15-400-MoS2 base coating CrN-silver bright-18-1～4-0.3-700-suitable for processing copper, titanium TiAlCN-red-violet-28- 1～4-0.25-500-High Performance Universal Coating CBC(DLC)-Gray-20-0.5～4-0.15-400-Lubricating Coating CRADVIC-Gray-28-1.5～6-0.15-400-TiAlCN+CBC
AlTiN-black-38-1～4-0.7-800- is a high performance coating ΜAlTiN-black-38-1～2-0.3-800-coating surface quality is good AlTiN/SiN-紫兰-45-1～4 -0.45-1100-Nanostructures Among the many physical coating grades, TiAlN coatings play an important role. TiAlN decomposes Al2O3 at high temperature, has high temperature and oxidation resistance, can withstand high temperatures of 800 °C, and expands the range of physical coating tools. Composite coatings are an important development direction for physical coatings: multi-layer coatings prevent crack propagation, and composite coatings provide good overall performance. For example, the nanostructured AlTiN/SiN thin film coating not only has high bonding strength, hardness close to CBN, and good oxidation resistance, but also can effectively control the shape and precision of precision tool cutting edges, and can be used for high precision machining.
Compared with the CVD process, the PVD process has a low processing temperature, and has no effect on the flexural strength of the tool material below 600 ° C. The inside of the film is compressive stress, which is more suitable for the coating of hard and complex precision tools; PVD process to the environment There is no adverse impact and it is in line with the current development direction of green processing. In the past two years, the domestic tool industry has introduced physical coating processes and equipment. The domestic Wuhan University Wuda Hongyi New Materials Co., Ltd. has developed a nano-carbon nitride (CNx) super-hard coating process, which has been listed as a key industrialization demonstration project by the state.
Foreign countries have called superhard coatings, high-toughness superhard materials and high-toughness ceramics the future of cutting tools. Breaking through CBN and CNx (carbon nitride) coating technologies; developing nanostructured coatings and new composite coatings will make a greater contribution to the development of cutting tools.
3. Innovation in tool structure
The development of new machining processes and the development of new tool structures for the purpose of improving machining efficiency, product quality and cost reduction are called innovations in tool structure. Here are a few examples to illustrate. 
(1) Plunge milling cutter: variable radial feed is vertical feed (prong milling), so that the cutting force is mainly along the main shaft direction (the best direction of rigidity), which is used to cut off a large margin and improve production efficiency;
(2) Large feed milling cutter: This is a high-efficiency cutter with small depth of cut and large feed, with a feed rate of 3.5 mm per tooth;
(3) Multi-functional car blade: reduce tool change time in turning machining and improve machining efficiency;
(4) Non-equal carbide hard end mills: reduce vibration during milling, improve machining efficiency and machining quality, and extend tool life. 
(5) Multi-function milling cutter: A knife can be used for longitudinal, lateral, oblique and spiral feeding. Reduce tool change time and increase milling efficiency;
(6) Universal cutters such as end mills, drills, taps, etc., with the popularization of five-axis linkage CNC tool grinding machines, breaking through the constraints of standard tools, can innovate the structure of general-purpose tools according to the materials to be processed and the need to improve processing conditions. The best processing results. 
From the above examples, it can be seen that the innovation of the tool structure often achieves the effects of improving production efficiency, improving product quality and reducing processing cost without increasing the cost of the tool. 
Third, the historical responsibility of cutting workers
China is now a big manufacturing country and a tool-using power, but it is still far from being a manufacturing power and a tool power. The rapid development of domestic manufacturing industry and major advances in cutting technology have provided unprecedented opportunities for the development of cutting tools in China. Seizing the opportunity to further improve the research and development and application level of cutting tools in China in the next 5 to 10 years is the historical responsibility of the vast number of cutting workers including tool technology research, product development, manufacturing and use departments. 
1. Promote advanced cutting tools and promote industrial restructuring
Although the tooling costs only account for a small proportion in machining, the advancement of tooling technology can often have a multiplier effect on the reduction of processing costs and product quality. In the case of car production, the consumption of tools only accounts for 3% of the manufacturing cost, but it affects 25% or more of the total manufacturing cost. The reason is that the use of advanced tools increases production efficiency, reduces the consumption of labor, equipment, management, and accessories that are distributed on each part, reducing total manufacturing costs and improving product quality.
The promotion of advanced tools requires both manufacturers and users. Some successful tool manufacturers have carried out successful case analysis, combined with the user's actual use of efficient and advanced tools to increase tool costs, improve product quality, reduce production costs, solve production bottlenecks and so on. Users get real benefits when using advanced tools. Promote advanced tools based on a win-win situation between manufacturers and users. 
More and more users in the manufacturing industry have benefited from the promotion of advanced tools and used more advanced tools, which will definitely form a huge market-oriented role and promote the upgrading of the industrial structure of China's tool industry. Some large enterprises in the tool industry are carrying out a new round of large-scale technological transformation around CNC tools. A number of private enterprises have established their own brands on CNC tools, and some have entered the complex tool field through holding. They are the forerunners and pioneers of the advanced tool market. 
2. Emphasis on talent training to improve the technological innovation capability of the industry
The prosperity of the industry depends on continuous technological innovation, and talent is the fundamental driving force for technological innovation. In the past few years, the tool industry has introduced a number of advanced cemented carbide production equipment and coating equipment. It has also introduced various machining centers and CNC tool grinding machines. However, most of the domestic car production lines and CNC machining tools are used by foreign brands. It’s not that the foreign tools are wrong, they all joined the WTO, and whoever used the tools to improve production efficiency and product quality. The question is why the same equipment can't do the same level of product. I think the problem lies in the "software", the gap is in the ability to innovate, and the key to innovation is talent. 
Nowadays, in the syllabus of college mechanism, the cutting principle, cutting tools, mechanical parts, tolerances, etc. are merged into a course of mechanical design, which greatly weakens the basic teaching of cutting technology which plays an important role in machining. In addition, a large number of knives trained for many years have been lost, and many people have gone to work in sales with good efficiency. The research and development of domestic cutting technology and cutting tools has been lacking. To change our country from a tool-using country to a tool-making country and a tool-powerful country, we must accelerate personnel training and improve the technological innovation capability of the industry. Otherwise, the promotion of China's advanced cutting tools will become a passive water, no roots. The above phenomena have begun to attract attention. Some companies with strategic vision have begun to act: some have set up postdoctoral mobile stations, take measures to retain and attract talents; others are entrusting the China Knife Association to organize professors and experts of domestic universities and enterprises. Employees carry out training. The China Knife Association will be duty-bound to do a good job in this aspect of training with the whole industry. In addition to holding various advanced tool discussions, lectures and continuing education for enterprises, we must also join you in calling for the importance of cutting theory in the mechanism of colleges and universities. And the teaching of tool knowledge, we also call on tool manufacturing and application companies to strengthen the cultivation of tool professionals. 
The technological innovation of the industry depends on the joint efforts of all our cutting workers. State-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises in the tool industry have different corporate culture backgrounds and have their own advantages and disadvantages. Everyone is both a competitor and a partner in the market. A foreign-invested company has proposed to establish a win-win cooperation relationship with users and competitors, indicating that they pay more attention to competition and pay more attention to cooperation, and know that only a win-win situation can prosper long-term. For a period of time, China's industrial industry has acquired many advanced technologies and equipment through technology introduction. In recent years, foreign well-known tool companies have established factories in China, bringing more advanced tool products and bringing advanced management concepts. But "takenism" does not apply to technological innovation. Moreover, the core technology development departments of foreign-funded enterprises have not entered China. We must make up our minds to do a good job in technological innovation on the basis of introduction and independent development. It is hoped that after three to five years of efforts in the whole industry, a group of talents will be trained and attracted, and a number of independent intellectual property rights will be obtained in the tool materials, coatings and tool structures, so that local tool companies can have strong technological innovation capabilities. .
3. Production, study and research work together to improve the level of metal cutting tools in China
At present, the technology and market competition pattern of the domestic tool industry has taken shape. Multinational tool companies have increased their investment and marketing efforts in China, bringing advanced products and technologies to the unprecedented fierce competition in the high-end tool market. The key state-owned key enterprises in the tool industry are carrying out a new round of technological transformation in order to meet market competition, such as Shanghai Tool Factory Co., Ltd. investing 120 million CNC and super hard tool projects, and Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Factory to build a diamond industrial park. A group of private tool companies have risen and created their own brand of CNC tools. The medium and small tool companies that are scattered all have their own market positioning and have found their own living space. The open market, the power of competition, the complementary advantages, and the willingness to cooperate will accelerate the development of cutting tools in China. 
To improve China's cutting technology level and to prosper China's tool industry, we must rely on the joint efforts of enterprises, institutions and individuals engaged in the research, production, teaching, promotion, application, management or sales of cutting tools in China. The China Knife Association is willing to build a stage for domestic cutting tools production, learning, research, mutual support, long-term cooperation and common prosperity. Our education and scientific research institutions should actively participate in the technological innovation activities of the industry in an open manner, train talents for the industry, and help enterprises to improve their technological innovation capabilities. State-owned enterprises, foreign-funded enterprises and private enterprises in the tool industry should pay more attention to competition. Cooperation, in the provision of advanced products, also provides advanced technology; application units should use advanced cutting technology and vigorously promote advanced cutting tools to improve cutting levels.
Under the guidance of the policy of revitalizing the manufacturing industry at the 16th National Congress, China's manufacturing industry will continue to develop rapidly. Improving the level of metal cutting in China is the joint responsibility of units and individuals engaged in tool research, product development, manufacturing, promotion and application in China. The China Knife Association is an industry academic group composed of enterprises, institutions and individuals engaged in the research, production, teaching, promotion, application, management and sales of cutting tools. It is linked to enterprises, universities, research institutes, regional knife associations and media. The majority of member units in the range of expertise covers cutting technology, tool materials, coating technology and so on. The China Knife Association will strive to build a bridge between production, learning, research and use in the field of cutting, and organize members to serve the national key industries from the whole process of research-development-production-application. Let us work together to make unremitting efforts to improve the level of cutting technology in China and build a strong manufacturing country!
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