Peach tree planting fertilizer management method

Fertilizer type

Organic fertilizer and physiologically active substances

    In the material cycle of the natural plant community ecosystem, in addition to inorganic nutrients, biological excretion and organic matter decomposition of organic nutrients also enter the plant, including soluble sugars, amino acids, nucleic acids and their degradation products, enzymes, vitamins and endogenous hormones. Wait. For example, bacteria can produce IAA , GA , CTK and various enzymes. Animals and poultry contain organic matter 60 . 2 % to 73 . 6 %, soluble sugar 0 . 06 % ~ 12 . 35 %, 100 grams dry weight contains amino acids 73 . 6 ~ 399 . 5 mg, DNAl8 . 6 to 40 . 3 mg, RNAl97 ~ 279 mg, and the degradation of nucleic acids comprising a nucleotide, nucleoside, purine, pyrimidine, and various enzymes (including dehydrogenase, converting enzyme, urease, protease, • phosphatase, enzymes of ATP). In addition to the decomposition of organic matter formed by humic acid is the main component of the formation of soil aggregate structure and soil fertility, organic nutrients also play an important role in the growth and development of fruit trees . Therefore, in order to maintain the normal growth of fruit trees, for the orchard that is not cultivated by grass, the organic fertilizer should be applied per kilogram per kilogram of fruit per kilogram of fertilizer, and it is best to keep the organic matter of the soil to 1 . 0 % to 1 . More than 5 %.

    Inorganic fertilizer

    Developed countries abroad advocate organic agriculture, and generally oppose the application of chemical fertilizers and require the application of organic fertilizers. The reason is that the application of chemical fertilizers will cause pollution, reduce soil fertility, increase soil erosion and increase energy consumption. However, the application of chemical fertilizers is essential for permanent fruit trees, and the mineral nutrients absorbed by the causal trees must be inorganic in nature to be used for fruit trees. After the plants absorb these nutrients, they form various organic substances through photosynthesis for use by animals and humans. The remaining organic matter must also be decomposed into an inorganic form by saprophytic organisms before being absorbed and utilized by fruit trees.

    When the mineral elements formed by the decomposition of organic matter and the mineral elements from rocky soil, air and rainwater cannot satisfy the needs of fruit trees to continuously increase the yield and quality per unit area, rational application of chemical fertilizers is a biomimetic cultivation measure that fully conforms to the natural laws . Once the basis of such measures is lost, the growth of fruit trees will be dysfunctional, eventually leading to fruit production reduction and degradation. Soil compaction, soil erosion intensified the phenomenon is not entirely due to chemical fertilizers cause, but mainly due to the decrease or no organic fertilizer and irrigation caused by the improper use of fertilizer. Under the premise that the organic matter is fully returned to the soil, even if the chemical fertilizer is applied for a long time, it will not aggravate the soil erosion due to the destruction of the soil structure.

    The problem of soil environmental pollution caused by the application of chemical fertilizers is that excessive application of certain elements, such as excessive application of nitrate nitrogen, can produce NO2- , which can be solved by reducing excessive application or by improving soil structure . The second is to minimize toxic impurities in fertilizer production, such as cadmium and other toxic substances in fertilizers, which need to be eliminated in manufacturing. In the application of chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen fertilizer, energy consumption is high, which can be solved by reducing the amount of chemical fertilizer by using bacterial fertilizer.

    Gas fertilizer

    Under the conditions of conservation cultivation or certain production cultivation conditions, the concentration of carbon dioxide (C02) determines the photosynthesis intensity. In full sunlight, a higher temperature (28 ℃), CO2 concentration from the usual 300 microliters / liter increased 1000--2400 microliters / liter, can be increased by 2-fold photosynthesis. Therefore, the use of CO 2 in cultivated fruit trees or vegetables has a very significant effect on increasing yield.

    There are several ways to apply CO2 :

    1 The dry ice will be placed on the surface of the fruit tree crop.

    2 Apply canned gaseous or liquid CO 2 .

    3 can be obtained from burning dead wood branches, natural gas, fuel oil and propane, but to prevent the inclusion of toxic substances.

    4 Like the orchards in the United States and Australia, they use the big fan of cold protection to start at 8 to 11 hours and 15 to 17 hours to improve the distribution imbalance of CO2 due to photosynthesis.

    5 increase the application of organic fertilizer, according to the Shandong Provincial Institute of Fruit Research, the chestnut plant Shima manure, the ground released CO2 : the concentration increased by 142 %, the photosynthesis intensity increased by 54 %. Tests have shown that natural gas is used as a fertilizer to improve soil fertility and avoid soil compaction. After 3 years, the number of aerobic bacteria increased by more than 50 times in the test site , and the investment in fertilizer was reduced.

    Bacterial fertilizer

    There are many microorganisms in the fruit trees both inside and outside, many of which are beneficial. We can lay a good foundation for screening the application of beneficial microorganisms for the growth and development of fruit trees, improving quality and enhancing resistance. The main effects of bacterial fertilizer are:

    1 Change the amount of roots, and the secondary roots of plants are proliferated by IAA , GA and CTK produced by bacteria , and the effective root amount is increased.

    2 softens the cell wall, and the bacterial-derived half-glycol aldehyde conversion enzyme (PATA) softens the root cell wall to promote nutrient absorption.

    3 The iron product is produced, and the iron product produced by the bacteria can polymerize or sequester the soil iron, making it a more effective substance for the fruit tree.

    4 Increase the effectiveness of phosphorus, bacteria secrete acidic substances and chelates that increase the availability of phosphorus in calcareous soils.

    5 Stop the disease, bacteria change the rhizosphere environment, thereby inhibiting the competitiveness of root pathogens.

Peach tree needs fertilizer characteristics

Peach trees have a greater demand for potash than apples and pear trees. Fujian determined that the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of peach trees were 1 : 0 by measuring the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of peach tree leaves and fruits . 4 : 1 . 3 .

    In the foliage, if the nitrogen content is 10 , the phosphorus is 3 and the potassium is 7 ; but in the fruit, if the nitrogen content is 10 , the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 10 : 7 : 33 . It can be seen that the fruit is the organ that needs the most potassium. If the application is improperly applied and the nitrogen fertilizer is applied too much, the leaves and leaves are long, which affects the absorption of potassium, which is easy to cause falling flowers and fruits.

    The absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by peach trees under different yield conditions in Japan and Taiwan, under the production conditions of an average yield of 2 090 kg of 1 000 square meters , the nitrogen content of peach trees is 10 . 2 kg, phosphorus is 4 . 1 kg, potassium is 14 . 6 kg, calculated as 1 further 000 kg of peach fruit, desired nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium content of 4 each were produced. 9 kg, 2 . 0 kg, 7 . 0 kg, 8 . 8 kg and 1 . 5 kg. Provide a basis for fertilizing peach trees.     

Fertilization standard setting

Under the normal production conditions of Chengling Orchard, the yield per 10,000 square meters of orchard is 2 000 kg, and the annual absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in adult orchards is 9 respectively . 8 , 4 . 0 and 14 kg, taking into account the differences in soil conditions in the orchard, the nutrient and demand of the 1000- square-meter orchard of the mature peach trees with thin sand and fertile sticky texture were proposed .

Fertilization method

Soil fertilization

    It is the main way of artificial fertilization in apple orchards, and organic fertilizer and most inorganic fertilizers ( fertilizers ) are fertilized by soil. Soil fertilization should be applied below the surface of the soil, which is beneficial to the absorption of roots and can also reduce the loss of fertilizer. Some fertilizers are volatile; they are not buried in the soil and have a large loss. For example, ammonium bicarbonate, sprinkled on the surface of the earth, lost 7096 a day , the more drought the soil, the greater the loss. Ammonium test, administered to human, the soil below the surface 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 cm, the surface of the soil is applied to reduce the loss ratio of 36%, 52% and 60%, respectively. Grass garden soil fertilization especially at full garden grass conditions, the following persons shall be applied to the soil surface, or the entire park applicator, then irrigation, in order to reduce the loss of fertilizer. Fertilization in the soil can be carried out in the following fields in the clear grassland or in the non-sown grassland of the strip grass garden:

1 ring ( wheel ) fertilization. The annular groove should be opened under the projection of the outer edge of the canopy. When the amount of fertilizer is large, the groove can be dug and deep. Cover the soil in time after fertilization. Suitable for saplings and initial fruit trees, trees that are too densely planted should not be used.

2 radiation ditch ( radial ) fertilization. Ditching outward from the canopy, the inner end is slightly projected from the outer edge of the canopy, and the outer end extends beyond the outer edge of the canopy. The number of grooves is 4 to 8 , and the width and depth are determined by the amount of fertilizer . Cover the soil after fertilization. This method of fertilization has fewer roots and can promote root absorption. It is suitable for adult trees, and trees that are too densely planted should not be used. When fertilizing in the second year, the position of the ditch should be staggered.

3 fertilize the whole garden. First spread the fertilizer in the garden, mix it with the soil or turn it into the soil. Under the conditions of grass, you can withdraw the fertilizer on the grass. After fertilization in the whole garden, it is highly efficient. This method has a large fertilization area and is beneficial to root absorption, and is suitable for adult trees and densely planted trees.

4 ditch fertilization. Fruit trees line up to the ditch, can open a number of, with the ditch with fertilization, timely cover the soil. This method is convenient for mechanical or animal work. Many orchards in foreign countries use this method to fertilize, and the efficiency is high, but the orchard is required to be flat on the ground, and the ditch operation and water flow are convenient.

    External fertilization

    These include smearing or spraying, branching, fruit soaking and foliar application. The method of spraying on the foliar surface is most commonly used in production.

The smearing or spraying of the branches is suitable for supplementing the apple trees with trace elements such as iron and zinc, which can be combined with the whitening of the winter trunks by adding ferrous sulfate or zinc sulfate to the white mortar, and the concentration can be sprayed over the foliar surface. Higher. Bark can absorb nutrients, but the efficiency is not high; by rain, the fertilizer into the trunk bark of some introgression, shower, or to the soil beneath the canopy, and then the number of root absorption. The branch can be injected with a high-pressure spray machine plus a modified syringe, first drilled into the trunk, and then injected strongly into the trunk by the syringe. For injecting ferrous sulfate (1% to 4%) and chelated iron (0.05% ~ 0.10%) prevention and treatment of iron deficiency while adding boric acid, zinc sulfate, is also effective. All the deficiency is related to the soil conditions. Under the condition that the soil fertilization effect is not good, the injection effect by the trunk is good.

    Irrigation and fertilization

    Irrigation and fertilization is a method of fertilizing fertilizers through an irrigation system ( spray irrigation, micro-irrigation, drip irrigation ) for orchard. In recent years, both domestic and foreign have paid more attention to it, and some research and production experiments have been carried out.

Features and benefits of fertigation:

1 The fertilizer element has been dissolved, so it can be absorbed and utilized by the root system faster than the fertilizer directly applied to the surface, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved. According to Australian reports, compared with ground irrigation, drip fertigation can save fertilizer ( nitrogen moon ) by 44 % to 57 %, and sprinkler fertilization can save 11 % to 29 %.

2 The irrigation period is highly flexible and can be arranged according to the needs of the fruit trees.

3 The nutrients are evenly distributed in the soil, which will not damage the roots and will not affect the soil structure of the tillage layer.

4 can save the cost and labor of fertilization. Irrigated fertilization is especially suitable for adult orchards and densely planted orchards where crowns are handed over. According to foreign reports, the application of nitrogen or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to drip irrigation of sweet orange young trees is effective. Some experiments have shown that in the micro-irrigation and fertilization, the acid content of the fruit is significantly reduced, but the effect on the yield, size and quality of the fruit is not significantly different from the direct application of the fertilizer.

Problems to be paid attention to in fertigation:

1 Sprinkler head or drip head plugging is an important issue in fertigation and fertilization must be applied.

2 When two or more kinds of fertilizers are mixed and applied, it is necessary to prevent mutual chemical action to avoid the formation of insoluble compounds, such as magnesium nitrate mixed with phosphorus and ammonia to form insoluble magnesium ammonium phosphate.

3 The pH of fertigation water is neutral, such as alkaline water can react with phosphorus to form insoluble calcium phosphate, which will reduce the effectiveness of various metal elements and seriously affect the application effect.

 

Angular Contact Ball Bearing

Angular contact ball bearings mainly bear large unidirectional axial load. The greater the contact angle, the greater the load bearing capacity. The material of cage is steel plate, brass or engineering plastics. The forming method is stamping or turning. It is selected according to the bearing form or using condition. Others include combined angular contact ball bearings, double row angular contact ball bearings and four-point contact ball bearings.

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