Reverse osmosis technology is the most advanced and energy efficient membrane separation technology available today. The principle is that these substances and moisture are separated according to the osmotic pressure of the solution, according to the fact that other substances cannot pass through the semipermeable membrane. Since the membrane pore size of the reverse osmosis membrane is very small (only about 10 A), it is possible to effectively remove dissolved salts, colloids, microorganisms, organic matter, etc. in the water (removal rate is as high as 97% to 98%). Reverse osmosis is currently the most widely used desalination technology in high-purity water equipment. It is isolated from ions in the solution and organic matter with a molecular weight of several hundred; reverse osmosis (RO), ultrafiltration (UF), microporous membrane filtration ( Both MF) and Electrodialysis (EDI) technologies are membrane separation techniques.
In the past 30 years, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, ultrafiltration and membrane filtration have entered industrial applications, mainly in the fields of electronics, chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals and drinking pure water.
Reverse osmosis working principle
Infiltration and osmotic pressure
Penetration is common in nature. For example, when a cucumber is placed in salt water, the cucumber will become smaller due to water loss. The process by which water molecules in cucumber enter the brine solution is the infiltration process. If a water tank is used to penetrate a pool, the water pool is divided into two parts, and pure water and brine are injected into the same height on both sides of the diaphragm. After a while, it can be found that the pure water level is lowered, and the liquid level of the brine is raised. The phenomenon in which water molecules migrate through the membrane into the brine is called infiltration. The rise in salt water is not endless, reaching a point of equilibrium at a certain height. At this time, the pressure represented by the liquid level difference at both ends of the diaphragm is called the osmotic pressure. The magnitude of the osmotic pressure is directly related to the concentration of the brine.
2. Reverse osmosis and reverse osmosis water purification technology
After the above device reaches equilibrium, if a certain pressure is applied to the liquid surface of the brine end, at this time, the water molecules will migrate from the brine end to the pure water end. The phenomenon that the liquid molecules migrate from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution under pressure is called a reverse osmosis phenomenon. If brine is added to one end of the above facility and a pressure above the osmotic pressure of the brine is applied at that end, we can get pure water at the other end. This is the principle of reverse osmosis water purification.
There are two key points in the production of pure water by reverse osmosis facilities. One is a selective membrane, which we call a semi-permeable membrane, and the other is a certain pressure. Simply put, the reverse osmosis semipermeable membrane has a large number of pores, the size of which is equivalent to the size of water molecules. Since bacteria, viruses, most organic pollutants and hydrated ions are much larger than water molecules, they cannot be penetrated. The reverse osmosis semipermeable membrane is separated from the aqueous phase that passes through the reverse osmosis membrane. Among the many kinds of impurities in water, dissolved salts are the most difficult to remove. Therefore, the water purification effect of reverse osmosis is often determined according to the level of salt removal. The level of reverse osmosis desalination is mainly determined by the selectivity of the reverse osmosis semipermeable membrane. At present, the selectivity of the highly selective reverse osmosis membrane element can be as high as 99.7%.
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