Black fungus is a traditional export commodity in China, and has been scaled and bagged. However, due to extensive cultivation methods, lack of scientific and supporting measures to control pests and diseases, the types of pests and diseases are increasing, spreading and accelerating, and it has become an important limiting factor for high-yield and stable yield of black fungus; therefore, effective control of black fungus disease The harm of insects and bacteria is an important part of achieving high yield, stable yield and high quality of black fungus.
The prevention and control of edible fungi, insects and bacteria must implement the principle of “prevention first, comprehensive preventionâ€. Special emphasis should be placed on the role of environmental sanitation and improved cultivation techniques, and varieties with good growth and stress resistance should be selected to control the occurrence of diseases, insects and bacteria. If chemical agents are needed for adjuvant therapy, high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue agents should be used, and timely, appropriate, and reasonable use should be achieved.
1 green mold
Symptoms: In the initial stage, white, slender hyphae grow on the culture material, eucalyptus inoculation holes or fruit bodies, and conidia can be formed in a few days. Once the conidia are formed or matured, the colonies turn green and powdery. No fixed shape. Including green Trichoderma, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma xylinum. Trichoderma viride is widely found in various organic substances in nature and in the soil, and conidia of Trichoderma viride are also floating in the air. The black fungus is cultivated in the bag material. It is possible to bring the spore into the culture material such as wood chips, bran, corn cob, etc., and form colonies on the weak growth fruit body. The ear root after the ear pick is easily affected by the green mold. Infection. The bacteria is suitable for growth under high temperature, high humidity and acidic conditions of culture materials, and is mainly transmitted by air by conidia. Control measures: 1 Keep the surrounding environment clean and hygienic; 2 ear room, ear field is well ventilated, convenient for drainage; 3 spray 1% lime water every 3 days after ear; 4 use fresh culture materials, strictly control sterilization 5 to prevent the tampon from getting wet, the bacteria bag is damaged, the inoculation should be aseptic operation; 6 If it is found that there is green mold contamination at the opening of the black fungus in the bag material, it can be applied with lime cream or formaldehyde solution; 7 If the green mold occurs in the culture material When the surface is not in the material, it can be scrubbed with lime water with a pH of 10. It can also be injected with mushroom farm music, formaldehyde, etc., and then sealed with a transparent tape to control the growth of green mold. The control methods of Penicillium, Mucor, and Neurospora are the same as above.
2 rotten ears
Also known as the ear. The rotten ears of black fungus are a physiological obstacle to the rupture of cells. Symptoms: After the ear piece matures, the ear piece becomes soft, and the ear piece and even the ear root are self-dissolving and rot. If the ear piece is mature, it will not be harvested in time. In case of high temperature, high humidity, poor light, and poor ventilation, it often causes a large area of ​​bad ear. Suffering from the destruction of bacteria and pests is also the cause of rotten ears. The black fungus is cultivated in the bag material, and the culture material is too wet, the pH is too high or too low, and it will cause the bad ear to be affected by the normal growth of the black fungus. Control measures: 1 strengthen cultivation management, pay attention to ventilation and ventilation, light, etc.; 2 timely harvest, the ear is close to mature or mature and immediately harvested; 3 scrape the rotten ear with a wooden knife, wash with 1% ~ 3% lime water; 4 When a large area of ​​rotten ears occurs, 0.5% mushroom disease liquid can be sprayed and prevented; 5 reasonable arrangement of ear period, avoiding high temperature and high humidity season.
3 brown rot fungus
Common name Phnom Penh. Symptoms: In the early stage, the fungus is leathery, flat on the surface of the ear, and the later edges are rolled back. They are often connected to each other to form a tile-like shape. The base is raised and the edges are intact. The surface of the cover is fluffy, with brown inside and light grayish brown edges. There are several circles of concentric grooves, the outer ring has a long fluff, and gradually becomes smooth and fades to a light color after maturity. The bacterium is a harmful bacteria commonly found on the black fungus eucalyptus, which can cause the fungus to be rejected in severe cases. The disease is related to the rainy growth of mycelium and the high moisture content of eucalyptus. The formation of fruiting bodies has a very significant relationship with direct sunlight on eucalyptus. Control measures: reduce air humidity and moisture content of eucalyptus to prevent direct light on the rafters.
4 leather hoop
Symptoms: There are two kinds of black and white on the common ear wood, black is brown and white is white. The characteristics of the leather hoop are closely attached to the ear wood, which is similar to the plaster, and the edge is not tilted, which can be distinguished from the Phnom Penh moth. The leather hoop is a kind of more serious fungus that harms the fungus. It is easy to occur under the conditions of dampness and rain. When it is severe, it is covered with ear wood, causing the fungus wood to decay. The ear is not long ear bud, which is cultivated by eucalyptus. A devastating disease in black fungus. Control measures: ear wood avoid direct sunlight, ear piles pay attention to ventilation and ventilation, strengthen management, do diligently turn the poles, dip water, diligent weeding, remove the overshadowed branches and shrubs, pay special attention to clear ditch after rain. Strictly prevent water accumulation in the ear. Use a knife to scrape the bacteria and nearby corroded wood in time. The scraped wound can be painted with 3% to 5% of the liquid to prevent the spread of bacteria. If the infection is serious, it should be removed in time and sent to the ear to burn or bury it.
5 black light pseudo step
The common name is black shellworm or fish worm, which is one of the main pests of black fungus cultivated in eucalyptus. Adult black, shiny, long oval; egg white, long oval, smooth surface; larva old mature body wall hard, tan; 蛹 nude, pale yellow. Control method: In winter and spring, completely remove the residual plants in the ear field and nearby bricks, stones, tiles, litter or rotten grass, and concentrate or burn them. From March to April, during the wintering adult activity, the ground was sprayed with 200 times liquid dichlorvos. The ear rods that were inoculated in the year were best placed on the sunny slope, and the small rods were placed at both ends of the ear rods to facilitate sunlight and air circulation, and to suppress the occurrence of black light pseudo-steps. When the ear is turned over, it is found that there are insects, and it is necessary to capture and kill in time.
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