Superconducting radio frequency cavities can be used to make high-speed particle accelerators that convert helium into an ideal nuclear fuel.
Editor's note: With the development of nuclear power and the increase in the demand for nuclear fuel, it is necessary to look for other available nuclear fuel.é’ has always been considered as a potential nuclear energy resource, and many countries have conducted a lot of research and development work on the use of nuclear energy in thorium resources. Although some achievements have been made in the use of nuclear energy for nuclear energy in China, there are still large gaps compared with the United States, and we need to increase our research and development efforts in this area.
For decades, scientists have been dreaming of making helium, a metal that emits less uranium and produces less nuclear waste, as an alternative fuel for the production of nuclear energy. Recent advances in technology have allowed scientists to move further away from this dream. Radon is a kind of metal that exists more extensively in nature. It has more storage than uranium, and it is most often in the form of isotope tritium-232. After radiation treatment, thorium-232 is converted into thorium-233 and becomes an ideal nuclear fuel. Despite the relative abundance of plutonium reserves, there is currently no commercial plutonium reactor. At the same time, the natural reserves of uranium-235 as nuclear fuel are extremely scarce. It is estimated that among all uranium mines currently mined, the proportion of uranium-235 is only 0.7%.
Rajedran Raha is a physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory at the US Department of Energy. He said that thorium and uranium can be mixed to make nuclear fuel, making full use of natural resources. The mixed fuel energy has great potential, and at the same time it can reduce the nuclear waste generated after combustion with the help of advanced technology.
Proton accelerator reduces radioactive waste from nuclear power plants
Laha further explained that in order to reduce the generation of nuclear waste, scientists only need to use high-intensity proton accelerators to obtain high-speed neutrons. Because high-speed neutrons can convert nuclear wastes - 232 and 235 - into nuclear fuel. However, the development of such high-intensity proton accelerators is still a problem at present, because it requires 10 times more energy than the most advanced proton accelerator.
The accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) concept was born in the 1990s. It differs from traditional nuclear reactors that work in critical conditions. The critical state refers to the state that the nuclear reaction can be maintained without manual intervention. However, if a chain of nuclear reactions within a nuclear reactor runs out of control, a terrible nuclear leak accident similar to that experienced by Chernobyl in northern Ukraine on March 28, 1979, in San Francisco, USA, on April 26, 1986, will occur again. High-strength radioactive materials escape into the atmosphere and cause almost irreversible damage to the environment.
However, nuclear reactors operating under sub-critical conditions are different. They use the high-speed neutrons provided by accelerators to keep atoms apart. This also means that the researcher can close the subcritical state at any time by turning off the accelerator, interrupting the source of the neutron and stopping the nuclear reaction. However, this kind of reactor is still only theoretical, because currently there is no energy to build such a high-intensity accelerator. However, some national scientists (such as the United States) are working hard in this direction.
India's nuclear energy has a new trick
In September of this year, the US Department of Energy successfully tested for the first time in the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory a superconducting radio frequency cavity developed by the United States for the manufacture of an accelerator prototype. The cavity, also known as the resonant cavity, is part of a superconducting linear accelerator. It is more efficient than a conventional copper cavity and can be used to make particle accelerators that produce an electron beam with a power of 10,000 kilowatts, converting thorium-232 to nuclear fuel.
Indian scientists have also made some progress in the use of plutonium to manufacture nuclear fuel. At present, the country is designing and developing an atomic reactor prototype that uses plutonium and low-enriched uranium as fuel to produce energy. In September this year, Anil Kakodkar, chairman of the India Atomic Energy Commission, stated in Vienna that the long-term purpose of India is to use its wealth of know-how to shake off its energy dependence on other countries. However, particle accelerators are not used in the thorium reactors developed in India. Instead, they use fast breeder reactors and high-energy helium cores as high-speed neutron generators instead of the high-intensity proton accelerators mentioned earlier. However, particle accelerators still have the advantage that they cannot be shaken: they can be turned off at any time when an abnormal situation occurs in the reactor. At the same time, the reactor that uses the accelerator system operates in a subcritical state, which also means that it can control the nuclear reaction manually while maintaining atom splitting.
Recently, Australia’s government agency Australia Geosciences stated that Australia’s proven reserves are also abundant, at 489,000 tons. However, the Australian government has always opposed the introduction of nuclear energy, even with a higher safety factor helium reactor system. However, John Bodman, an expert in nuclear science engineering at the University of Sydney in Australia, and his colleagues have been interested in the accelerator-driven subcritical system 15 years ago. However, he is also very clear that it will be a very long process to successfully manufacture the helium reaction system, and it may take decades of efforts. And in Australia, although scientists have been working hard to apply for government funding for nuclear energy research, nuclear energy projects in the country are still very limited.
In the United States, the opposite is true. In March this year, US Secretary of Energy Zhu Xiwen announced that the government will contribute US$1.2 billion to encourage R&D. According to Dr. Laha, the cost of establishing a prototype of a high-intensity neutron accelerator is about US$1 billion, including the usual expenses such as R&D. If mass production is to be achieved afterwards, the cost of each machine will remain around US$300 million.
é’R & D difficulties in fuel development
Although many scientists have expressed optimism about the prospect of the application of plutonium, some people also hold different opinions. The London-based international organization World Nuclear Energy Association specializes in the promotion of nuclear energy worldwide. Ian Hollesi, a spokesperson for the association, said recently that uranium fuel is a safe choice because uranium has been used for 50 years. The application of uranium in the world also fully proves that this technology is very mature and the cost of uranium reactors is also well known. He added: "Humanity always tends to rely on what it already knows. There may be days when it will have its commercial value, but I will not breathe on it."
Some environmental protection agencies, such as Greenpeace International, also believe that the nuclear fuel system is only a distant dream, and it will distract people and slow down the implementation of existing renewable energy and efficient technology. "The problem of insufficient uranium fuel currently used in commercial reactors can be partially solved," said Jan Branicki, head of the International Greenpeace Nuclear Energy Project. "However, as far as we know, there are still many problems to be solved for thorium fuel." This includes fuel extraction, processing, reactor safety, hazardous waste disposal, nuclear proliferation hazards, etc. And since there is very little known about the fuel, it is all in the experimental stage, and more undiscovered problems may be discovered in the future. The task of carbon reduction is very urgent. We must act immediately. We cannot wait for decades to see if we can become an ideal source of energy."
Global distribution of resources
The most common mineral containing barium, monazite, is one of the major sources of barium resources. The proven monazite reserves in countries around the world amount to several million tons. With the increase in the exploration of niobium by various countries, the proven reserves of niobium have also been increasing. As of the year 2000, the world's single-quarantine production was approximately 780,000 tons. The main producers of monazite are: Australia, India, Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa, Thailand, China, etc. The production of monazite in these countries accounts for more than 90% of the world's total production of monazite. More than 40 countries have conducted tantalum ore exploration and have recorded tantalum deposits. More than 20 countries have already passed the economic assessment of resources, and the top seven countries with relatively more resources are Brazil, Turkey, Canada, the United States, India, Egypt, and Norway. The resources of these seven countries account for the world’s proven More than 80% of the total resources, of which Brazil is the largest resource country, its resources account for about one-third of the world's proven total resources, followed by Turkey (about 20%), Canada (about 10%) And the United States (about 9%).
In 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) jointly published a report, which pointed out the latest distribution of resources. The report states that the U.S. pro forma stocks have soared to about 400,000 tons, Turkey 344,000 tons, and India 319,000 tons. Our country's resources are relatively abundant. According to incomplete statistics, more than 20 provinces and regions have found a considerable amount of resources.
Background links
Sanchez Island and Ukrainian Chernobyl nuclear leaks ranked the top two in the world's most terrible nuclear leakage accidents. The Sancheon Island nuclear leakage accident, also known as the “Sanban Island incident,†was a serious radioactive material leakage incident on March 28, 1979 at the Sanchadao nuclear power plant at the Susquehaihe River in Pennsylvania. The Sanhao Island nuclear leakage accident was the first reactor core melt accident in the history of nuclear energy. Since its occurrence, it has been the strong evidence that anti-nuclear people oppose the application of nuclear energy. The Chernobyl accident refers to the explosion of the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station at 1.23 a.m. on April 26, 1986. The 8 ton multi-radiant material is mixed with hot graphite scrap and nuclear fuel chips. It is estimated that the radioactive pollution generated after this nuclear leakage incident is equivalent to 100 times that of the radioactive contamination produced by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan.
Editor's note: With the development of nuclear power and the increase in the demand for nuclear fuel, it is necessary to look for other available nuclear fuel.é’ has always been considered as a potential nuclear energy resource, and many countries have conducted a lot of research and development work on the use of nuclear energy in thorium resources. Although some achievements have been made in the use of nuclear energy for nuclear energy in China, there are still large gaps compared with the United States, and we need to increase our research and development efforts in this area.
For decades, scientists have been dreaming of making helium, a metal that emits less uranium and produces less nuclear waste, as an alternative fuel for the production of nuclear energy. Recent advances in technology have allowed scientists to move further away from this dream. Radon is a kind of metal that exists more extensively in nature. It has more storage than uranium, and it is most often in the form of isotope tritium-232. After radiation treatment, thorium-232 is converted into thorium-233 and becomes an ideal nuclear fuel. Despite the relative abundance of plutonium reserves, there is currently no commercial plutonium reactor. At the same time, the natural reserves of uranium-235 as nuclear fuel are extremely scarce. It is estimated that among all uranium mines currently mined, the proportion of uranium-235 is only 0.7%.
Rajedran Raha is a physicist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory at the US Department of Energy. He said that thorium and uranium can be mixed to make nuclear fuel, making full use of natural resources. The mixed fuel energy has great potential, and at the same time it can reduce the nuclear waste generated after combustion with the help of advanced technology.
Proton accelerator reduces radioactive waste from nuclear power plants
Laha further explained that in order to reduce the generation of nuclear waste, scientists only need to use high-intensity proton accelerators to obtain high-speed neutrons. Because high-speed neutrons can convert nuclear wastes - 232 and 235 - into nuclear fuel. However, the development of such high-intensity proton accelerators is still a problem at present, because it requires 10 times more energy than the most advanced proton accelerator.
The accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS) concept was born in the 1990s. It differs from traditional nuclear reactors that work in critical conditions. The critical state refers to the state that the nuclear reaction can be maintained without manual intervention. However, if a chain of nuclear reactions within a nuclear reactor runs out of control, a terrible nuclear leak accident similar to that experienced by Chernobyl in northern Ukraine on March 28, 1979, in San Francisco, USA, on April 26, 1986, will occur again. High-strength radioactive materials escape into the atmosphere and cause almost irreversible damage to the environment.
However, nuclear reactors operating under sub-critical conditions are different. They use the high-speed neutrons provided by accelerators to keep atoms apart. This also means that the researcher can close the subcritical state at any time by turning off the accelerator, interrupting the source of the neutron and stopping the nuclear reaction. However, this kind of reactor is still only theoretical, because currently there is no energy to build such a high-intensity accelerator. However, some national scientists (such as the United States) are working hard in this direction.
India's nuclear energy has a new trick
In September of this year, the US Department of Energy successfully tested for the first time in the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory a superconducting radio frequency cavity developed by the United States for the manufacture of an accelerator prototype. The cavity, also known as the resonant cavity, is part of a superconducting linear accelerator. It is more efficient than a conventional copper cavity and can be used to make particle accelerators that produce an electron beam with a power of 10,000 kilowatts, converting thorium-232 to nuclear fuel.
Indian scientists have also made some progress in the use of plutonium to manufacture nuclear fuel. At present, the country is designing and developing an atomic reactor prototype that uses plutonium and low-enriched uranium as fuel to produce energy. In September this year, Anil Kakodkar, chairman of the India Atomic Energy Commission, stated in Vienna that the long-term purpose of India is to use its wealth of know-how to shake off its energy dependence on other countries. However, particle accelerators are not used in the thorium reactors developed in India. Instead, they use fast breeder reactors and high-energy helium cores as high-speed neutron generators instead of the high-intensity proton accelerators mentioned earlier. However, particle accelerators still have the advantage that they cannot be shaken: they can be turned off at any time when an abnormal situation occurs in the reactor. At the same time, the reactor that uses the accelerator system operates in a subcritical state, which also means that it can control the nuclear reaction manually while maintaining atom splitting.
Recently, Australia’s government agency Australia Geosciences stated that Australia’s proven reserves are also abundant, at 489,000 tons. However, the Australian government has always opposed the introduction of nuclear energy, even with a higher safety factor helium reactor system. However, John Bodman, an expert in nuclear science engineering at the University of Sydney in Australia, and his colleagues have been interested in the accelerator-driven subcritical system 15 years ago. However, he is also very clear that it will be a very long process to successfully manufacture the helium reaction system, and it may take decades of efforts. And in Australia, although scientists have been working hard to apply for government funding for nuclear energy research, nuclear energy projects in the country are still very limited.
In the United States, the opposite is true. In March this year, US Secretary of Energy Zhu Xiwen announced that the government will contribute US$1.2 billion to encourage R&D. According to Dr. Laha, the cost of establishing a prototype of a high-intensity neutron accelerator is about US$1 billion, including the usual expenses such as R&D. If mass production is to be achieved afterwards, the cost of each machine will remain around US$300 million.
é’R & D difficulties in fuel development
Although many scientists have expressed optimism about the prospect of the application of plutonium, some people also hold different opinions. The London-based international organization World Nuclear Energy Association specializes in the promotion of nuclear energy worldwide. Ian Hollesi, a spokesperson for the association, said recently that uranium fuel is a safe choice because uranium has been used for 50 years. The application of uranium in the world also fully proves that this technology is very mature and the cost of uranium reactors is also well known. He added: "Humanity always tends to rely on what it already knows. There may be days when it will have its commercial value, but I will not breathe on it."
Some environmental protection agencies, such as Greenpeace International, also believe that the nuclear fuel system is only a distant dream, and it will distract people and slow down the implementation of existing renewable energy and efficient technology. "The problem of insufficient uranium fuel currently used in commercial reactors can be partially solved," said Jan Branicki, head of the International Greenpeace Nuclear Energy Project. "However, as far as we know, there are still many problems to be solved for thorium fuel." This includes fuel extraction, processing, reactor safety, hazardous waste disposal, nuclear proliferation hazards, etc. And since there is very little known about the fuel, it is all in the experimental stage, and more undiscovered problems may be discovered in the future. The task of carbon reduction is very urgent. We must act immediately. We cannot wait for decades to see if we can become an ideal source of energy."
Global distribution of resources
The most common mineral containing barium, monazite, is one of the major sources of barium resources. The proven monazite reserves in countries around the world amount to several million tons. With the increase in the exploration of niobium by various countries, the proven reserves of niobium have also been increasing. As of the year 2000, the world's single-quarantine production was approximately 780,000 tons. The main producers of monazite are: Australia, India, Brazil, Malaysia, South Africa, Thailand, China, etc. The production of monazite in these countries accounts for more than 90% of the world's total production of monazite. More than 40 countries have conducted tantalum ore exploration and have recorded tantalum deposits. More than 20 countries have already passed the economic assessment of resources, and the top seven countries with relatively more resources are Brazil, Turkey, Canada, the United States, India, Egypt, and Norway. The resources of these seven countries account for the world’s proven More than 80% of the total resources, of which Brazil is the largest resource country, its resources account for about one-third of the world's proven total resources, followed by Turkey (about 20%), Canada (about 10%) And the United States (about 9%).
In 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) jointly published a report, which pointed out the latest distribution of resources. The report states that the U.S. pro forma stocks have soared to about 400,000 tons, Turkey 344,000 tons, and India 319,000 tons. Our country's resources are relatively abundant. According to incomplete statistics, more than 20 provinces and regions have found a considerable amount of resources.
Background links
Sanchez Island and Ukrainian Chernobyl nuclear leaks ranked the top two in the world's most terrible nuclear leakage accidents. The Sancheon Island nuclear leakage accident, also known as the “Sanban Island incident,†was a serious radioactive material leakage incident on March 28, 1979 at the Sanchadao nuclear power plant at the Susquehaihe River in Pennsylvania. The Sanhao Island nuclear leakage accident was the first reactor core melt accident in the history of nuclear energy. Since its occurrence, it has been the strong evidence that anti-nuclear people oppose the application of nuclear energy. The Chernobyl accident refers to the explosion of the No. 4 reactor at the Chernobyl nuclear power station at 1.23 a.m. on April 26, 1986. The 8 ton multi-radiant material is mixed with hot graphite scrap and nuclear fuel chips. It is estimated that the radioactive pollution generated after this nuclear leakage incident is equivalent to 100 times that of the radioactive contamination produced by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan.
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