In the past two decades, China's animal husbandry and aquaculture industry has developed rapidly and its achievements have been remarkable. So far, China's annual production capacity of only full-price feed has reached more than 90 million tons, and its annual production has exceeded 50 million tons. It is still growing at a faster rate every year, and the development of the western region is in the ascendant. broad. At the same time, the proportion of feed granulation is increasing, and the utilization ratio of cereal raw materials, by-products and animal wastes is also rapidly increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to adapt the binder of these raw material resources to produce better quality pellet feed. For example, when a large proportion of cakes such as cotton aphid, rapeseed, sunflower, flax, and peanut meal is added, a certain amount of binder is added, and the quality of the particles can be better improved. In addition, the addition of fat to the corn-soybean-type feed may also cause problems such as loose particles, so a binder is also required.
Binders, also called excipients, are mainly used to process pellet feeds to improve pellet quality (including powder rate, hardness, abrasion resistance), increase production efficiency and extend mold life, and reduce feed dust and particle color. Stable, especially for aquatic fish, shrimps, clams and other baits need to improve their characteristics of not scattered and not sinking in the water. At present, the research on feed binders at home and abroad is increasingly active, and the developed binders can basically meet the needs of various cultured objects.
1 Classification of feed binders
1.1 Natural categories:
(1) The glue secreted by the trees: there are dragon glue, melon gum, pectin and the like. Such binders are susceptible to pH, humidity, mineral salts and the like to reduce viscosity, and thus have not been widely used.
(2) Rare earth, clay type binder: Bentonite, clay, sodium soil, attapulgite, etc. These clay minerals have a lower viscosity and a corresponding increase in the proportion of addition. However, the 202 type feed binder developed by Beijing Shenda Mineral Feed Research Institute is not only suitable for steam granulation, but also for cold pressed granules.
(3) Plant starch: There are starches such as wheat, corn, cassava, potato, or modified starch. The amount of adhesion of such adhesives depends on the type of starch and the feed processing equipment and handling techniques.
(4) Seaweed gum: There are sodium alginate, kelp gum, agar and the like. Seaweed binders generally have strong binding strength, but they are expensive and are generally used in experimental research feeds.
1.2 Synthetic class
(1) Hydroxymethyl cellulose: This product is a white fibrous or granular powder, odorless, odorless, hygroscopic, aqueous solution is unstable to heat, and its viscosity decreases with temperature or height. The amount added in the feed should not exceed 2%.
(2) Urea-formaldehyde resin: This product has good stability in various harsh environments such as cold, heat, humidity and chemical corrosion, and has other advantages such as low price, and is a good candidate material for pellet feed binder. . The amount is preferably 0.5%.
(3) Lignosulfonate: It is an uneven ether polymer, dark brown, and the solid matter is highly hygroscopic, and the content of the granular feed product cannot exceed 4%.
(4) In recent years, various research institutes and colleges have been researching and developing feed adhesives that are being promoted and applied. Such as Guangzhou Wilderness Company's high-strength, Ju Lidu and other adhesive products.
In addition, there are polyvinyl alcohol (PUA), polyacrylic acid, various starch phosphates, lignin, HJ-1, sodium sulfonate, polymethylurea, sodium caseinate and dextrin, etc. Conjunction.
At the same time, depending on whether the binder has a nutritional effect on the farm animals, it can be divided into two types: nutritive and non-nutritive. The former has fish and shrimp powder, plant starch, natural minerals and some synthetic such as N87. Binder, etc. The latter refers to binders that have no nutritional value to animals, such as shrub gum, methyl cellulose, and the like.
2 Advantages of feed adhesives
2.1 It has ideal adhesion to various nutrients in the feed, guarantees the full price of nutrition and can prevent the loss of pollution. The feed is not easy to be broken during transportation and has less dust.
2.2 It is easy to produce and prepare, and it is best to be animal nutrients, which does not hinder the digestion and absorption of feed nutrients.
2.3 It has high chemical stability and thermal stability and does not cause adverse chemical reactions with other feed ingredients.
2.4 Non-toxic, no bad odor, and good palatability and attracting.
2.5 Low dosage, easy to mix, low cost, can bring economic benefits to farming.
3. Application of feed binder in animal husbandry and aquaculture
3.1 Application in animal husbandry:
(1) According to the survey results of Hubei feed manufacturers, bentonite is generally added as binder in livestock and poultry pellets, so that the granulation effect is good and the feed quality is stable. Shen Zhongquan (1997) showed that the clay-type feed binder was added to poultry feed and showed good advantages. It has the same functions as zeolite and medical stone, and has the characteristics of large surface area, ion exchange, adsorption, etc., and can adsorb heavy metals and harmful bacteria out of the body, which is good for disease prevention and growth.
(2) According to the application research of Jin Guangming et al. (1996), in the results of research on the feeding of pigs, chickens, rabbits and other livestock and poultry, it is indicated that the application of eccentric powder in broiler diets can increase feed remuneration by 20%-40%. The weight rate is increased by 5%-20%; the daily gain of the application of the concave powder in the pig diet is increased by 3%-5%, and the feed remuneration is increased by 5%-10%; in the application of the rabbit fur (adding 10%), Increase the wool production by 18.56% and reduce the consumption by 15.4%.
(3) Liu Jinhui et al (2000) wrote that many experimental data concluded that rare earth has obvious growth-promoting effects on animals, especially in breast-feeding and weaned piglets. In their experiments on the application of multi-composite rare earth as an additive to feed-finishing pigs, it also showed that rare earth has a significant growth-promoting effect and health care effect on growing-finishing pigs. The daily weight gain of the experimental pigs increased by 23.96%. The medium pig's feed rate was reduced by 28.48%.
3.2 Application in aquaculture:
(1) According to the results of Shao Hongxing et al. (1999), adding proper amount of rare earth in feed can improve the activity of carp protease, lipase and amylase, promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients by fish, and promote growth and improve fish. quality. In Shen Zhongquan (1997), it is reflected that the use of clay feed binder can prolong the foaming time of aquatic feed in water, and it is not easy to break when transported, and it has a positive effect on preventing fish disease and improving water quality.
(2) According to Wang Qinwen (1996): the use of feed binder N87 has been involved in a variety of freshwater fish, including various fish and shrimp, turtle, carp, rainbow trout, mussels, scallops, crabs and so on. Moreover, in the process, the breeding has received very good results.
(3) Zhang Zhaohua (1996) believes that α-starch is the best in the current binder, and the utilization of α-starch by turtle is the best. At the same time, Zhao Chunguang (200O) believes that the proportion of α-starch in turtle feed is not more than 18%, so as not to affect the healthy growth of turtle.
(4) According to Sun Yidong (1996), rare earth can stimulate the appetite of fish, enhance digestion and prevent diseases. Jiangsu Fisheries Research Institute will react rare earth with chitin to make bait bait binder. Adding 3%-5% can increase the yield by about 20%. The use of sodium alginate for shrimp material can prolong the decomposition time of feed in water, stimulate the appetite of fish and shrimp, regulate the metabolism of the mechanism, and prevent water pollution.
4 Several problems should be paid attention to in the application of feed binder
4.1 When adding, select the appropriate binder according to cost, purpose and effect.
4.2 The use of binders is bound to increase costs, and should be avoided when there is no economic benefit.
4.3 According to different culture objects, choose different performance binders in order to use them well.
4.4 The selection of binder products should be carried out as far as possible according to national standards.
In summary, in the production practice, according to the characteristics of the required feed production and the particularity of the aquaculture production process, the binder with superior comprehensive performance should be selectively used to achieve the purpose of improving economic benefits.
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