Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry (referred to as “Sanmaoâ€) is the only comprehensive research unit of the abrasives industry in the national abrasives industry established in June 1958. In the Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People's Republic of China (formerly known as the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry, the National Machinery Industry Committee, the name of our company's previous crown is changed accordingly). After more than 50 years of establishment, Sanma has been successfully transformed into a technology-based enterprise. In the past 50 years, there have been many historical changes in the nature and tasks of Sanmao. These changes are mainly determined by national policies and are also influenced by the internal factors of the industry and the firm. The history of Sanmao for more than 50 years can be roughly divided into three periods: First, the period of planned economic system, from 1958 to 1978, a total of 20 years; Second, the transition from planned economy to market economy, from 1979 to In 1999, another 20 years; Third, during the period of market economic system, it was officially transformed from July 1, 1999 to the present. This paper mainly reviews the historical changes of Sanmao from the strategic aspects of the nature, status and tasks of Sanmao, but it involves the specific development of scientific research, industry work and production, and focuses on the first two periods. Some personal opinions are used for reference in the history of research writing.
I. The establishment and development of Sanmao during the period of planned economic system (1958-1978)
It is divided into three sub-sections: 1. Preparation stage (1958.06-1962.02); 2. Construction stage (1962-1968); 3. Creation of new industry stage (1969-1978).
The basic situation of the three stages is shown in the table below.
(1) The stage of preparation, the birth of Sanmao (1958.06—1962.02)
On June 12, 1958, the First Ministry of Machinery Industry approved the establishment of the Abrasives Institute of Abrasives with the approval of the No. 188 Document No. 188 of the Machine Tool No. 188 (58). The preparatory office is directly led by the Second Bureau. On June 12th, it was later decided to be the day of the celebration.
1. Why did you establish an abrasive abrasives research institute? (There was no "grinding" at the time)
After the founding of New China, after three years of recovery, the first five-year economic construction plan was formulated in 1953, and the era of planned economy began. At that time, due to the boycott and blockade of the Western imperialist countries, politically one-sided, and the Soviet Union formed an alliance, the economy basically copied the Soviet Union's set of planned economic management measures. The central government has established state-owned enterprises in various industries to manage various industries. Abrasives industry is a grinding tool, which is classified into metal cutting machine tools and tools. It is managed by the Second Machinery Industry Administration of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry (the Machine Tool Bureau, referred to as the Machine Tool Bureau or the Second Bureau). After the establishment of the Beijing Machine Tool Works and other bureaus in 1956, the Machine Tool Bureau began to build the Abrasives Research Institute in 1958.
Under the leadership of the Northeast Industrial Bureau, the first three years of the founding of the People's Republic of China restored and expanded the Shenyang Sujiatun Grinding Wheel Factory (hereinafter referred to as the First Grinding Wheel Factory, referred to as a sand); during the “First Five-Year Plan†period, the second department of the Ministry of Machinery and Industry was in the East China region. Shandong Zibo has rebuilt Shandong Diamond Grouting Plant (hereinafter referred to as the Fourth Grinding Wheel Factory, referred to as Sisha); after that, it is planned to build a grinding wheel factory in Central South China. The preparatory office of Zhongnan Grinding Wheel Factory is located in Wuhan, and a large bauxite mine was discovered in Gongyi, Henan Province. The preparatory office of Zhongnan Grinding Wheel Factory moved to Zhengzhou to build Zhengzhou Grinding Wheel Factory (the second grinding wheel factory, referred to as Ersha, one of the country's 156 key construction projects). In 1956, the public-private partnership established many local grinding wheel factories in Shanghai, Suzhou, Beijing, Tianjin, Hefei and Guangzhou. By the end of 1957, the output of ordinary abrasives (brown, white corundum, black and green silicon carbide) reached 7,789 tons. Ordinary abrasives (ceramics, resin, rubber, three major binders, grinding wheel, sand tile, oil stone, grinding head four Large categories) reached 6,961 tons, sandpaper sandpaper 1.42 million square meters, total output value of 35.49 million yuan (1970 constant price), 4,123 employees. At that time, the abrasives industry began to take shape, and in order to meet the second five-year plan, there is an urgent need for further development. This is the objective need and service object of the construction office. The factory is divided into labors, the factory is engaged in production, and the scientific research is carried out. Sanmao is not only the common scientific research unit of the factories in the industry, but also a powerful assistant to the management industry of the national machinery department. At the beginning of the establishment, the nature, status and tasks of the institute were determined.
2. What kind of place to build?
Prior to this, the second department of the Ministry of Machines and the United States established the machine tools (Beijing), casting and forging machinery (Jinan), tools (Chengdu) and other industries in the Soviet Union. In 1958, the Institute of Abrasives was still modeled after the whole Soviet abrasives. Abrasives and Grinding Research Institute (Russ referred to as BH ИИAШ). The professional research laboratory includes abrasives, inorganic abrasives, organic abrasives, grinding, physical and chemical analysis, and intelligence standards. This model does not include closely related grinding machines (as well as grinding fluids, dressers, etc.), resulting in the separation of the work of grinding tools and grinding machines. The Institute of Abrasives, established in the Soviet Union, determined the format and initial scale of the institute, but fortunately there was a breakthrough.
3. Where is it built?
As the political center of New China, Beijing has expanded dramatically. Several of the second machine's machine tools were built outside Beijing, and the rest were in the field. Sanmao once considered Tianjin, one is close to Beijing, and the other is Tianjin University, which has a silicate specialty and can cooperate. Ersha was originally scheduled for Wuhan, and was later built in Zhengzhou due to the change to the Fuyang Alumina Bauxite Mine in Zhengzhou. This is a good place, and Zhengzhou has become the center of China's abrasives.
4. How to prepare for construction?
In 1959, the Ministry decided: "The address of the institute is in the Zhengzhou Grinding Wheel Factory. The equipment and houses of the former Central Laboratory of the plant are all allocated to the Institute." The preparatory work of the institute was managed and unified by the Ersha Party Committee. At the beginning, the construction of the Ersha Central Laboratory was not only focused on the needs of the Ersha No. 1 Plant, but on the needs of the entire industry for physical and chemical analysis and testing. In addition to the sand and sand, the leading cadres, technical and management personnel are mainly from Ersha, and the office, test and dormitory sites are all provided by Ersha. 47# The building area is 2961 square meters, the equipment and instruments are 1261 sets, the investment is 910,000 yuan, and 139 items can be tested and tested. This is all the assets of Sanmao at that time. It can be seen that the Sanmao is mainly built on the second sand.
The advantages of this method of preparation are: construction is fast, less than three years; investment province, a total of 900,000 yuan; while planning, working, research. The shortcoming is that the follow-up workload is large. The office test building, which was built in the preparatory period, was completed and put into use in 1963. It has been building for many years. After independence from Ersha in 1963, it is still necessary to rebuild the dormitory; 47# test conditions despite Not bad, but still can not fully meet the needs of the work.
5. What is Sanmao doing?
In January 1960, the State Science and Technology Commission approved the "Building Mission Book" of the Sanmao Institute. The basic tasks are as follows:
(1) Research on the manufacture of abrasives;
(2) Research on the basic theory of grinding;
(3) Testing and research of new abrasives and new abrasive tools;
(4) Research and develop the standard and technical conditions of abrasive tools;
(5) Cooperate with relevant units to study and formulate reasonable grinding specifications;
(6) Research and design of special equipment and equipment required for the grinding industry;
(7) To study the physical and chemical testing and performance measurement methods of abrasive abrasives and the instruments for designing and measuring;
(8) Study the vision of the development of the grinding industry technology;
(9) Study the production organization and operation management of abrasive abrasive manufacturing plants;
(10) Establish a technical intelligence network to organize exchanges of advanced technology and exchange of materials at home and abroad.
Article 9 is assigned to the established factory design office (the sixth design institute of the Ministry of Machinery), and the other three can be summarized as scientific research (new processes, new products, new methods, new equipment, new instruments). ) and industry technology management services (standards, quality, planning, intelligence) two major aspects. This is also the two major tasks shared by other subordinate industries.
The Machine Tool Bureau has summarized the role of Sanmao as eight words: staff, organization, attack, and service.
Modeled after the Soviet Union, relying on two sands, relying on 47#, in the industry's expectations, Sanmao was born. In the first three years, while preparing for construction and working, the company organized two scientific and technical personnel, and together with the grinding wheel factories such as the first, second and fourth sands, went to the national grinding wheel factories to help the work, and formulated the first 15 industry standards and industry technology development. planning. In February 1962, the preparatory office was cancelled and officially named the First Institute of Mechanical Industry Abrasives Grinding Research. (Increased grinding, become the three mills, there is no place name in the title).
(2) In the completion stage, a new professional field was created with three major tasks (1962--1968).
1, with the team, set up a shelf, build a house, officially built Sanmao
After the cancellation of the preparatory office, Wang Jin, the director of Ersha, no longer served as the director. Immediately, he sent deputy director Lu Genren as deputy director to preside over the overall work. He also sent Si Zhentong as deputy director to assist, and also sent Sisha Wang Dexiang and a sand. Chen Yonggui is the deputy chief engineer (no chief division). In the 62nd year, under the auspices of Director Lu, the original professional group was changed into a research room. There are six research laboratories including abrasives, inorganic abrasives, organic abrasives, grinding, physicochemical and special equipment, as well as intelligence. The working departments and administrative departments of the industry and other departments have improved the internal organization, which has always been the basic framework. At that time, the National Research Institutes were implementing the "14 opinions on the current work of the Institute of Natural Science Research". The Sanmao Institute carried out the work on the one hand and built the team while continuing to implement the "three sides" policy and continued to grow and develop.
In 1963, a comprehensive test and office building covering an area of ​​2,140 square meters was built in the north of Ersha. This building has always been the landmark of Sanmao. In 1965, two dormitory buildings (now 1# and 2# dormitory buildings) were built in the current homes for a total of 3,562 square meters, forming an independent living area. In 1965, the number of employees reached 250 and the fixed assets reached 4 million yuan, which marked that Sanmao was built according to the original construction plan, which lasted for seven or eight years.
2, bravely climb the peak, unique, opened up a new field of expertise
On December 6, 1963, China's first synthetic diamond was born, which was the fifth country after the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan and other countries. This is a major achievement of the National Team of 121. The group consists of three groups. The Beijing General Machinery Research Institute is responsible for the synthesis device design system, the Sanma Institute is responsible for the synthesis process technology, and the Geological Science Institute of the Ministry of Geology is responsible for the high temperature and high pressure test. At the beginning of the development of diamonds, the Ministry of Machinery was the mainstay (General Machinery Research Institute, Sanma Research Institute). Its successful development is a major contribution of Sanmao to the history of modern science and technology in China. As a result, Sanmao first entered the diamond profession.
In April 1964, the State Science and Technology Commission approved the "intermediate diamond intermediate test mission". Sanma is responsible for the synthesis process test and testing. The Jinan Foundry and Forging Machinery Research Institute is responsible for the design and production of the six-face hydraulic press and the development of the hard alloy top hammer of Shanghai Materials. In close cooperation with Sanma, Jinan Foundry and Forging Machinery Research Institute successfully produced the first 6×6MN DS-023A ultra-high pressure high-temperature device in China in August 1965, which laid the foundation for the intermediate test of synthetic diamond in Sanmao. The foundation. In July 1966, the intermediate test was started. In the same year, a total of 10,000 carats of synthetic diamond was produced. In October of that year, according to the instructions of the Ministry of Machinery, technical technical information and personnel training were provided for the sixth professional grinding factory in China, the sixth grinding wheel factory. Work, opened the first page of the chapter on the industrial production of synthetic diamonds in China. Since then, Sanma has started a major development period of “taking research as the mainstay and engaging in small productionâ€. At the beginning of 1968, it had a production scale. In the same year, it produced 60,000 carats of diamonds, 15,000 carats of fine powder and 6,000 tubes of abrasive paste, which initially met the urgent needs of the country for synthetic diamond products. In addition to the two major tasks of the original scientific research and industry work, Sanma has added a third task, namely the production of new scientific research products.
3. Scientific research results, fruitful results, continue to expand new areas of expertise
Inspired by the successful development of synthetic diamonds, since 1964, Sanma has successfully produced a series of diamond grinding tools and products such as diamond grinding wheels, grinding heads, oilstones and cutting sheets of resin, bronze, electroplating and metal bonding agents. In 1967, cubic boron nitride and polycrystals made of two superhard materials were successfully developed. These developments have expanded Sanma from the professional and industrial fields of ordinary abrasives to the new professional and industrial fields of superhard materials and products. After the successful development of diamonds in the Soviet Union, another super-hard materials research institute was established outside BHИИAШ (the former in Moscow and the latter in Ukraine). The Sanmao is a combination of two, one model of the former Soviet Union BHИИAШ, and beyond it. This is also different from European and American countries and is unique in the international arena.
This stage is a very important and very prominent stage in the history of Sanmao. On the one hand, it has opened up a whole new field of research, on the one hand, it has increased the research-type production tasks. This not only greatly promoted the construction and development of Sanmao in the past, but also improved the industry status, technology and economic strength of Sanmao, and laid a good foundation for the transformation after 50 years. This is a very brilliant chapter in the early days of Sanmao. Sanma is different from the conventional and thriving.
(III) Development and growth stage, creating a new industry and a new type of scientific research institute (1969-1978)
This stage is the first golden period in the history of Sanmao, and it is also the foundation period for China's superhard materials and products industry. Despite the turbulent cultural revolution of the past decade, Sanmao has made an undisputed and enormous contribution to the establishment and technological advancement of China's emerging superhard materials and products industry, with outstanding skills and outstanding achievements.
1. Focus on pilot production, with significant economic benefits
Sanmao produced diamonds in 1966, and later added micronized powder, abrasive paste, polycrystalline crystals, CBN, fine grinding sheets, etc., and in the 13 years of 1978, a total of 1.1 million carats of diamonds were produced, with a maximum annual output of more than 200,000 carats (1970, 1971). At that time, the bureau was priced at 32 yuan / carat, (all JR1 type materials, and then gradually reduced prices), with an annual output of 100,000 carats, that is, more than 3 million yuan. From 1969 to 1978, the accumulated self-organized income reached 24.78 million yuan, the highest year was 5.925 million yuan (1971), and the total funding for the ministry in this decade was only 1.4 million yuan, only 10 years. The added value of fixed assets is 40% of the 3.5 million yuan, which is less than 1/17 of the income. At that time, there were three or four hundred people, and the labor productivity was over 10,000 yuan per year, which was higher than the 6,000 yuan in the same period of the machine tool industry. It was once praised by the National Science and Technology Association as "a research institute that took the road of the May 7th." At that time, there were a few mantras in the industry: "The press is loud, and the gold is two thousand."
On July 1, 1971, Sanmao was decentralized in Henan Province and placed in Zhengzhou City. It was transferred to the household registration, without the grain, that is, there was no national funding allocation, so that when the country was accepted in April 1978, it only gave 300,000 yuan. Business expenses. Later, it will increase to 500,000 yuan, 650,000 yuan to 850,000 yuan. The approved expenditure for the business is 1.2 million yuan, and the shortfall is self-raised. The Sanmao, which used to be famous for a while, also suffered a bit.
Why in the cultural revolution of the decade of turmoil, the diamond production of Sanmao can maintain a strong growth momentum. I think there are three reasons: 1. First of all, the state attaches great importance to it. After the successful development of the series of super-hard materials by Sanmao, how to get rid of the foreign blockade and the urgent needs of the country, the top management attaches great importance to it. Li Xiannian, the deputy prime minister who assisted Premier Zhou’s work, has made six important instructions on the diamond industry. "We must continue to grasp", "Diamond can not relax", "To be encouraged", "To know hard to advance." A machine department set up a leading group headed by Vice Minister Zhou Zijian, specializing in diamonds. Zhou Zeng came to Zhengzhou to hold a diamond conference. He met with Wang Hui, then director of the Municipal Revolutionary Committee. If he could not make big particles, he would jump together. Yellow River. This is undoubtedly a great encouragement and a strong urge for all employees. 2. Deputy Director Shi Zhentong of Sanmao Department took the lead in diamonds. In the Cultural Revolution, he served twice as the director and party secretary of the Revolutionary Committee, for seven or eight years. There was no obstruction in the key link of the leadership, and the instructions of the State and the Ministry of Machinery were smoothly implemented. 3. Diamond production is a political task that breaks the blockade of the imperialist countries and glory for the country and for the benefit of the people. The staff of the diamond was not affected by too many factional struggles.
2, look at high-tech industries, the rise of super-hard industry
The State Council has instructed diamonds to engage in mass movements and blossom everywhere. Since 1966, Sanma has promoted the production of synthetic diamonds to several grinding wheel factories in China, including one sand, two sand, Shanghai, Suzhou and other grinding wheel factories and the 712 factory (Wuhan Military Region Logistics Department), accepting interns. More than 300 people have created the earliest diamond production enterprises in China.
In 1974, all the technical materials provided by Sanmao, the third-line factory built by Ersha, the sixth grinding wheel factory of the first professional diamond production plant in China was built. The diamond production was 360,000 carats, and the third mill was reduced to the annual output. 20,000 carats. Liusha was built as a pilot plant of Sanmao. It was originally selected in the Sanmenxia area of ​​Henan Province. It was influenced by the left-wing trend, emphasizing that the construction of the third-line factory should be small, specialized, scattered, relying on mountains, concealed, and finally selecting a ravine in Guiyang. Due to the long distance, the factory failed to achieve a close integration. This is a big opportunity that has not been grasped in the history of Sanmao. If the factory is united, it may not lose a strong leader in the mass movement of diamonds.
As far as the relationship between Sanmao and the industry is concerned, ordinary abrasives and abrasives are the first factory group, the industry, and then the construction institute; but in the case of superhard materials, it is first, and the factory is established by the support. And industry. A small office of several hundred people, in less than ten years, has established a high-tech industry for the country, which is commendable and proud. In the same year, if there was a technology transfer and shareholding policy after the reform and opening up, Sanmao could establish and form a national superhard material enterprise group.
3. Continue to expand and continue to grow and develop
Due to the development of diamond production, Sanmao continued to expand. Through the municipal government, in the east of 47#, the apple orchard in Ersha was occupied, and a diamond synthesis workshop, product building and test building were newly built, totaling 5,688 square meters, which is 60% of the previous construction area (including 47#). The synthesis workshop installed a 5,000-ton × 6 six-face top 30,000-ton press, which was not put into use after the top hammer could not keep up. The newly built dormitory is 7,203 square meters, more than twice the original. Fixed assets amounted to 7.837 million yuan, an increase of 80%. The staff also broke through the original design scale (300 people) to 460 people, an increase of 50%. The scale and strength of Sanmao has been further expanded and improved. On the basis of the new development profession, a new type of scientific research institute with three major tasks of scientific research, industry tasks and pilot production has been officially established.
During this period, Sanmao focused on "Cela", but did not forget "Ah La". In the field of ordinary abrasives, abrasives, grinding, physical and chemical analysis, special equipment, etc., a large number of scientific research achievements have also been made. A lot of work has been done on the work of planning, standards, quality, personnel training, and external communication, which has promoted the development of the abrasives industry. This article does not mention much.
There is also a small episode. In the late period of the Cultural Revolution, a small number of people in the institute encouraged the establishment of a diamond research institute. This stone did not stir up a thousand waves, only a small water ring.
(IV) Commentary: A review of the historical development of the Sanmao Institute. I would like to make a brief review of its development characteristics, certain mistakes and industry background.
1. Characteristics: The development of the Sanmao Institute has many characteristics in the past two decades. The most significant ones are the following four points.
(1) On the basis of the existing professional abrasives and industry, Sanma has not been completely completed, that is, the first synthetic diamond, cubic boron nitride, polycrystalline and a series of superhard in China have been successfully developed. Material abrasives and products have opened up a new professional field in China and established China's super-hard material industry. This is a great contribution of Sanmao to the country, which is enough to go down in history.
(2) Imitating the Sanmao Institute established by the Soviet Union, surpassing the big brother, there is no other super-hard material, but a combination of two, which should be named as “general abrasives, superhard materials and grindingâ€. The Institute of Applied Research is different from the Soviet Union and Europe and the United States. It is a research unit of hard and superhard materials and products with Chinese characteristics.
(3) Because of the previous professional diamond-free production plants in China, after the successful development of synthetic diamonds, the trial and small-volume production tasks naturally fell to Sanmao, so in addition to the two major tasks of scientific research and industry work, Sanmao and other domestic Different from the industry, it began to have the third major task - the production of scientific research products. Sanmao exclusive production of ultra-hard products urgently needed by the country, the economic benefits are very significant, self-organized income of 25.86 million yuan greatly exceeded the national funds (10.80 million yuan), the funds have a balance, took a different development road.
(4) In the preparatory stage, relying on the second sand, it is fast and save, but it also brings a lot of follow-up construction tasks. The initial construction plan has not yet been fully realized, and a new profession was created earlier, followed by expansion. Working while working, there are many achievements and rapid development. It is difficult to make a reasonable and perfect final plan beforehand. This situation continued into the last two decades. Just like a child grows too fast, the new clothes will soon not fit, and they can only be changed and replaced.
In this paper, only in terms of the historical changes of Sanmao, there is no such thing as super hard and light. In fact, as far as the ministry and the leadership are concerned, it is also very comprehensive in terms of project arrangement and personnel promotion. According to the first history of the Institute (1958--1988), 71 provincial and national achievements awards, 26 ordinary abrasives, 21 superhard materials, 9 special equipments, physical and chemical, standards, intelligence, etc. There are 15 industry jobs, and the distribution is even and reasonable. As far as the difficulty of the subject is concerned, the amount of investment is really difficult to distinguish. However, the super-hard aspect solves whether there is a problem. The ordinary aspect is only perfected and improved on the basis of the existing one. The meaning and value are different, and its development impact on the development is also very different.
2, some mistakes (this is entirely personal opinion)
In the previous two books (1958-1988 and 1988--1998), no mistakes were written. This time, it was written only on the matter, taking history as a guide, in order to learn lessons. It is now written below in chronological order.
(1) The preparatory stage is not only dependent on the two sands in terms of working conditions, but also the living conditions. The ministry has allocated funds to allow the staff quarters to be covered. Comrade Lu Genren came to the site to cover the 1# and 2# dormitory buildings, and built a bath in the back of the office building. The independent living area was built late.
(2) The equipment of Ersha 47# is not fully adapted to the scientific research requirements. Until the 1970s, it was necessary to re-plan and build several major research laboratories (such as abrasives and special equipment). Despite the initial implementation of the "downstairs" and "factory integration" guidelines, some projects have been carried out, and the results have been achieved. However, after all, it was not built once, and it was not enough to be congenitally deficient.
(3) Due to the diamond production in the Cultural Revolution, it needs to be expanded. At this time, the newly selected address is not selected, but the apple orchard of Ersha is occupied. At that time, it was entirely possible to use a large open space opposite the living area.
(4) The eastern part of the living area was owned by Zhengzhou Electric Appliance Factory (now still). During the Cultural Revolution, the factory was extremely downsized (originally set up according to Harbin's three major power plants, from the current site of the plant to Zhongyuan West Road). Transfer this place to Sanmao for 200,000 yuan. There was money at the time, but there was no such land. I was always limited by the size of the two sands and the size of 300 people. I didn’t want to have more space and more houses. I didn’t expect to develop in the future. If you want this land, you will not take up the apple orchard.
(5) When the synthetic diamond is sharply expanded, it can be considered to be relatively separated from the original ordinary abrasives and re-sited to establish a branch. This may better enhance the scale, strength and status of the company, and even make Liusha lack the necessity of building a factory. Even if it is built into six sands, it will not have much impact on diamond production.
(6) Liusha ultimately failed to be closely integrated with it. Although there was a political background at that time, it was still inevitable that it was the responsibility of mistakes. It could not be said that it was the best plan at the time. In fact, this separation has adversely affected the factory. Impact. Although this is a mistake of the ministry, because the Sanmao has been implementing the policy of “taking research as the mainstay and engaging in small productionâ€, it cannot always engage in production, and it is always inseparable from the idea of ​​mainly engaged in scientific research.
Except for the last point, the above six points have not had a great impact on the development of Sanmao, and they have not changed the development pattern of Sanmao.
3. Industry background
(1) Industry development: According to the industry yearbook, the statistics of the following years are extracted, as shown in the following table:
In the past 20 years, the industry has developed greatly, forming an industry pattern of 7 factories and 56 factories. By 1978, the number of employees increased by 4.05 times, the total industrial output value increased by 17.54 times, the abrasives increased by 12.36 times, and the abrasive tools were 8.74 times. This is the result of the efforts of all employees in the industry, and there are also contributions from Sanmao.
(2) Some relations and comparisons between the industry and the company.
It is difficult to make a multi-faceted comparison. Let’s first look at the relationship between the number of employees. In 1966, Sanmao was basically built according to the original scale, 271:8891=1/32.81. At this time, Sanmao only had ordinary abrasives. In 1978, 460:15165=1/32.97, at this time the industry has included superhard materials. Coincidentally, the ratio is very consistent. The number of employees in Sanmao is 3.05% and 3.03% of the total industry.
Compare the economic benefits. After all, Sanmao is not a production unit. It is now from 1969 to 1972. In the past four years, Sanmao’s self-income income exceeded 3 million yuan. The per capita income of four years was 11,240 yuan, 18,417 yuan, 14,813 yuan and 8,835 yuan. . The corresponding number of per capita gross output value of the whole industry is 19,063 yuan, 25,560 yuan, 28,410 yuan, 27,254 yuan. In 1993, the next period was taken at 21,442 yuan. In 1993, the industry included the superhard materials industry, which was 38,686 yuan. As mentioned earlier, the labor productivity has exceeded 10,000 for many years, exceeding the 6000 yuan of the machine tool industry at the time, but lower than the industry. The benefits of the industry have been very good, the director of the second sand once said that the Ersha family has contributed 80% of the profits of the machine tool bureau.
Finally, look at a statistical data of 1998. Among the total industrial output value (current price) of 6.369 billion yuan in the whole industry, super hard materials accounted for 29.78%, and superhard products accounted for 10.12%, which together accounted for 39.90%. The super-hard industry developed by Sanmao has accounted for nearly half of the country.
(3) The impact of the Cultural Revolution on the industry
It can be seen from the industry yearbook that the damage caused by the Cultural Revolution to the industry is also great. In addition to the coated abrasives (the lowest point in 1967, 6.58 million square meters; has been picked up in 1968). The main indicators of the industry were the lowest in 1968 and only exceeded in 1970. Compared with 1966, the abrasive output decreased by 48.89% in 1968, the abrasive tools decreased by 39.06%, the total output value decreased by 35.2%, and the profit and tax decreased by 60.57%. Among them: the output of the two sand abrasives is -48%, and the abrasives are -45%. The impact of the three mills is much smaller, taking the annual diamond production (10,000 carats) as an example. From 1966 to 1972, respectively (1 in 1966) 1,3.3, 6.0, 15.6, 20.6, 20.1, 18. It only declined in 1973 (the annual production of the industry in 1971 has exceeded 1 million carats).
In 1972, in the case of Sanmao's investigation of the so-called "China Democracy and Liberal Party", the three were forced to death, which was the most damaging in the previous campaigns. The history of ignorance and goodness has not written this matter, but after all, it is a sad thing in the history of Sanmao.
Generally speaking, this period is a period of glory from the establishment to the development and growth of Sanmao. It has achieved fruitful results, talented people, and has made great contributions to the old industry, to the new industry and to the development of China's science and technology.
Second, from the transition period from the planned economy to the market economy system, the major exploration and efforts of the foundation and development prospects of Sanma (1978-1998) are also divided into three sub-segments.
1. Recovery and rectification stage (1979-1985);
2. Horizontal cooperation in scientific research and production, joint development stage (1986-1993);
3. Construction phase of the “Engineering Center†(1994-1998). The basic situation of these three stages is shown in the following table:
In October 1976, the "Wang, Zhang, Jiang, Yao" Quartet counter-revolutionary group was smashed, marking the political end of the Cultural Revolution. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee was successfully convened, opening the road of socialist construction with Chinese characteristics, marking China's entry into a new stage of development. This paper takes 1978 instead of 1976 as the segmentation point of history.
(1) Restoring the rectification stage, Sanmao rejuvenated (1979-1985)
1. On April 1, 1978, Sanmao regained its dual leadership with the ministry and renamed the Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry. The Ministry of Machinery and Equipment proposed 20 requirements for the rectification and acceptance of scientific research units, and selected Sanmao as the pilot unit, appointed the leaders at the level, adjusted the middle layer accordingly, established rules and regulations, and jointly checked and accepted by the ministry, the province and the city, and restored. Sexual rectification qualified. In March 1980, it was named as “Daqing Research Institute†by the Ministry of Education. Subsequently, the Ministry also proposed “using economic methods to manage scientific research and expand the autonomy of scientific research unitsâ€. Sanmao was one of the four pilot institutes, and began to experiment with the scientific research contract system, strengthen economic accounting, and explore incentives. In 1982, the Ministry of Machinery Industry was established, and the ten requirements for constructive rectification of scientific research units were proposed. In 1983 and 1984, according to the requirements of cadres (revolutionization, youthfulness, knowledge, and specialization), the leadership team was continuously adjusted. On January 1, 1985, the ministry approved the pilot program for the reform of the paid research contract system of Sanmao.
In the second half of 1983, the adjusted institutions set up technical development plans, intelligence information, standards, and physics and chemistry as the first to fourth research laboratories to improve the status of the industry; the original eight professional research rooms were merged into ordinary abrasives and superhard. Materials (original two rooms), abrasive tools and products (original 2), grinding and application, special equipment and instruments (original 2) five research rooms (fifth - ninth); set up a pilot plant, unified Responsible for the pilot production of scientific research results; and continue to adjust the middle-level cadres according to the requirements of the four. In 1984, a joint venture office was set up to be responsible for horizontal work such as technical contracts, technology markets, and joint ventures. The reform of the personnel system was deepened, and a total of 383 scientific and technical personnel were employed in the appointment system, and corresponding assessment and incentive methods were established.
At this stage, the combination of ministry and department has promoted the transition from Sanmao to the market, from vertical and vertical management to horizontal and independent transformation, breaking the “iron rice bowl and big pot rice†and conforming to the general trend of national reform and opening up.
(2) Horizontal cooperation in scientific research and production, and joint development stage (1986-1993).
In 1984 and 1985, the central government decided to reform the current economic system and science and technology system, and proposed that economic construction relies on scientific and technological progress and science and technology to face economic construction. In this period of major change, Sanmao began to think about the existence value and long-term development of the Institute from the national conditions, market conditions and sentiments. In the guiding ideology of strategic development, it began a series of fundamental changes, mainly:
1. First of all, the professional direction of the institute has a clear transformation and positioning from the initial “three mills†to “three non-conformities†to the final “materials, products and applicationsâ€.
The professional field that Sanmao has begun to determine is “abrasives, abrasives, grindingâ€, referred to as “three millsâ€. In the course of 20 years of development, the abrasives have been gradually used for non-grinding applications, that is, not only for the manufacture of abrasive tools, but also for refractory materials, metallurgical deoxidizers, etc., non-grinding grinding of abrasive tools (such as oilstone). Non-grinding applications (such as cutting saw blades) and grinding of non-metallic materials, including stone, construction and other non-metallic materials, is "three non-". Finally, the professional field of Sanmao Institute is attributed to "materials", inorganic non-metallic medium hard materials (general abrasives) and superhard materials (superhard abrasives); "products", all tools and products made of the above materials; "Application", the application methods and technologies of the above-mentioned products in various fields, scientifically and comprehensively summarize the professional direction of Sanmao Institute, and greatly expand the research field of Sanmao Institute.
(From the perspective of subject professional classification, the “material†of Sanmao is an inorganic non-metallic material, and the “product†is mainly attributed to the major categories of tools in the manufacturing industry, including polymer materials and metal materials. The “application†includes All three categories of materials).
2. In the guiding ideology of the office, four aspects are proposed: that is, facing the industry, facing the society, facing the whole country, facing the world, is to jump out of the industry's small circle, both in the industry and outside the industry. Four breakthroughs were proposed, namely, breaking the limits of the profession (the limitation of the three mills, as mentioned above), breaking through the restrictions of the management of the ministry, breaking through the limitations of the industry and the restrictions of the region. From vertical administrative leadership and vertical management to horizontal joint ventures and independent cooperation development, breaking through the limitations of the original planned economic system, and gradually adapting to the requirements of the market economy. The new cycle model of scientific research and production has been proposed, which has expanded from the production process of the original “funding investment—scientific research – results in the pilot test, small-scale production – capital re-investment†to the mass production of the external joint ventures. It will become a major external circulation and solve the serious constraints of funds, sites, equipment and personnel when it is closed.
3ã€ç”Ÿäº§ä»»åŠ¡å‘外延伸ã€æŽ¢ç´¢ç§‘ç ”ç”Ÿäº§ç»“åˆæ–°è·¯
从1985年起，到1993年，三磨所先åŽå»ºç«‹äº†20多个技术或资金入股的è”è¥åŽ‚，åˆä½œäº§å“主è¦æ˜¯è¶…硬æ料和制å“，å¦æœ‰é«˜çº§è€ç«æ料（氮化硅结åˆç¢³åŒ–硅）ã€ä¸“ç”¨è®¾å¤‡ï¼ˆä¸Žç¬¬äºŒç ‚è½®åŽ‚åˆåŠžï¼‰å„一家。åˆä½œå¯¹è±¡ä¸å¤–åˆèµ„4个，全民厂14个，集体厂8个。åˆä½œåœ°ç‚¹æ·±åœ³3个，山东（掖县）ã€ç¦å»ºï¼ˆç¦å·žï¼‰å„1，北京2家，河å—å„地6家，郑州9家（郑州高新技术开å‘区4家）。资金入股的10家，其ä¸3家由技术入股分红转为投资。7家资金入股的è”è¥åŽ‚共投入资金659万元，其ä¸ä»¥è®¾å¤‡ã€æ料折价入股329万元，实投资金为330万元。
兴办è”è¥åŽ‚的好处：1ã€å‘挥了所的技术优势。所拥有许多å¯ä»¥äº§ä¸šåŒ–的科技æˆæžœï¼Œä½†é™äºŽæœ¬æ‰€çš„场地ã€äººåŠ›å’Œèµ„金，难以全部产业化。兴办è”è¥åŽ‚ä¸ºè¿™äº›ç§‘ç ”æˆæžœäº§ä¸šåŒ–找到了出路。2ã€å‘挥了所的人æ‰ä¼˜åŠ¿ã€‚å‚åŠ è”è¥åŽ‚的科技人员（å«æŠ€æœ¯å·¥äººï¼‰æœ€å¤šæ—¶è¾¾åˆ°200多人，兴办è”è¥åŽ‚为他们找到了施展æ‰åŽçš„舞å°ã€‚在全国人æ‰å¼€å§‹è‡ªç”±æµåŠ¨çš„当时，也为所留ä½äº†ä¸€æ‰¹æƒ³åŽ»å¹¿æ·±ä¸€å¸¦å‘展的人æ‰ã€‚3ã€ç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Šå’ŒèŒå·¥æ”¶å…¥å¢žé•¿ã€‚æ®1997å¹´å年间的统计，è”è¥åŽ‚累计销售总é¢18.16亿元，三磨所利润分æˆç´¯è®¡è¾¾619万元。早期å‚åŠ è”è¥åŽ‚çš„èŒå·¥ï¼Œåœ¨åŽ‚付酬劳外，所内照å‘工资。åŽæœŸï¼Œæ‰€å†…600人享å—在编800人的资金总é¢ã€‚4ã€æ高了所的知å度，得到国家科委ã€çœç§‘委的大力支æŒã€‚如新亚å¤åˆè¶…硬æ料有é™å…¬å¸ä¸Žå°èµ„åˆä½œï¼Œå°±èŽ·å¾—了çœç§‘委的大力支æŒã€‚5ã€ä¸ºæ‰€äº‰å¾—了进出å£ç»è¥æƒï¼Œæˆä¸ºå…¨å›½é¦–批100家有ç»è¥æƒçš„ç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€ã€‚èŽ·å¾—æ‰¹å‡†çš„æ¡ä»¶æ˜¯å¯¹å¤–贸易超过50万美元/年，三磨所本ä¸å¤Ÿï¼ŒåŠ 上深圳ç‰å¤šå®¶è”è¥åŽ‚åŽå°±å¤Ÿäº†ã€‚这次申报åªä¸ŽåŒ—äº¬é€šäº†å‡ æ¬¡é•¿é€”ç”µè¯ã€æŠ¥äº†ä¸€ä»½æ料就æˆäº†ã€‚6ã€ä¸ºç”³æŠ¥â€œå›½å®¶è¶…硬ææ–™åŠåˆ¶å“工程技术ä¸å¿ƒâ€æ‰“下了基础。7ã€ä¸ºæ‰€çš„åŽç»å‘展æ供了资金支æŒã€‚入股的黄河旋风股份有é™å…¬å¸ï¼ˆ1996年股票上市）和新亚å¤åˆæ料有é™å…¬å¸ä¸šç»©ç¨³æ¥ä¸Šå‡ï¼Œä¸ºæˆ‘所æŒç»å‘展æ供了有力支æŒã€‚
4ã€è”è¥åŽ‚工作的失误
横å‘è”è¥å·¥ä½œé™¤å—资金é™åˆ¶ï¼Œå¤šæ•°ä¸ºæŠ€æœ¯å…¥è‚¡ï¼ŒæœŸé™5～7年，éšåŽå³çº·çº·åœåŠžå¤–，还有一些决ç–å’Œæ“作上的失误，主è¦æœ‰ï¼š
（1ï¼‰è™½åœ¨å†…åœ°å»ºç«‹äº†å‡ ä¸ªè§„æ¨¡å°çš„金刚石锯片厂，但在深圳未建锯片厂，错失了国内锯片大å‘展的时机。（2）规模最大ã€æŠ€æœ¯å…ˆè¿›çš„深圳亚洲金刚石有é™å…¬å¸å› åˆä½œä¼™ä¼´ï¼ˆæŠ€æœ¯å…¥è‚¡ï¼‰å®‹å¥æ°‘åšå£«å—到美国GEå…¬å¸èµ·è¯‰ä¸”败诉，致使亚洲金刚石公å¸ç ´äº§ï¼Œå¤±åŽ»äº†é‡‘刚石大å‘展的机é‡ã€‚（3）在郑州高新区ç¹å»ºçš„CBNè”è¥åŽ‚未获æˆåŠŸï¼ŒåˆæŠŠæœºä¼šè®©ç»™äº†åˆ«äººã€‚（4ï¼‰ä¸ŽäºŒç ‚åˆåŠžçš„ä¸“ç”¨è®¾å¤‡åˆ¶é€ åŽ‚è™½åå™ªä¸€æ—¶ï¼Œä½†å› è´ªå¤§å†’è¿›ï¼Œè´·æ¬¾è¿‡å¤šç ´äº§ï¼Œåˆå¤±åŽ»ä¸€ä¸ªé‡è¦çš„领域。（5）众多è”è¥åŽ‚è™½å¼€è¿‡å‡ æ¬¡è”è¥ä¼šï¼Œä½†æœªå½¢æˆç´§å¯†è”åˆï¼Œæœ‰è´Ÿçœç§‘委组建超硬ææ–™ä¼ä¸šé›†å›¢çš„厚望。
试设想，如果所有è”è¥åŽ‚å‡èƒ½å¦‚愿建æˆå¹¶ä¸æ–å‘展，则在超硬æ料两大å“ç§å’Œå•æ™¶ã€èšæ™¶ã€å¤åˆç‰‡ä¸Šå‡æœ‰å…¨å›½ç¬¬ä¸€ï¼Œæ·±åœ³äºšæ´²é‡‘刚石å•æ™¶ã€éƒ‘州高新区的CBNã€æ–°äºšçš„å¤åˆç‰‡ï¼Œåˆ¶å“上则有大大å°å°çš„é”¯ç‰‡åŽ‚ï¼ŒåŠ ä¸Šæœ¬æ‰€çš„è¶…ç¡¬æ料磨具，还有工艺装备一大å—，将是何ç‰çš„产业规模，ä¾æ‰˜è¿™äº›ä¼ä¸šè¶³å¯å½¢æˆå…¨å›½æ€§è¶…硬æ料集团（或è”盟）。然而谋事在人ã€æˆäº‹åœ¨å¤©ï¼ŒåŽ†å²å¸¸æœ‰ä»¤äººæ‰¼è…•å¹æ¯ä¹‹äº‹ã€‚尽管未能å–得更大的æˆå°±ï¼Œå…´åŠžè”è¥åŽ‚的大方å‘是好的，æˆç»©ä¹Ÿä¸å°ï¼Œæ˜¯ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€åœ¨å¸‚场ç»æµŽåˆæœŸçš„é‡å¤§æŽ¢ç´¢ã€‚
ï¼ˆä¸‰ï¼‰å»ºç«‹â€œå·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶ä¸å¿ƒâ€ï¼Œç ”究任务的å‡åŽï¼ˆ1994—1998年）
1991å¹´ä¸ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€å¾—知国家科委æ£åœ¨ç»„建“国家工程技术ä¸å¿ƒâ€çš„消æ¯ï¼Œç«‹å³æŠ“紧时机，拟制了申请报告（并éžå—命于部局），92年首先得到了河å—çœäººæ°‘政府和çœç§‘委的é‡è§†æ”¯æŒï¼Œæ²³å—çœå‰¯çœé•¿èŒƒé’¦è‡£ã€çœç§‘å§”ä¸»ä»»è®¸å¹¿å…ˆäº²ä¸´ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€è°ƒç ”ã€‚11月，çœæ”¿åºœä¸“æ–‡å‘国家科委推è以三磨所为ä¾æ‰˜å•ä½ç»„建“国家超硬ææ–™åŠåˆ¶å“工程技术ä¸å¿ƒâ€ï¼Œçœç§‘委副主任å™å°šä¿é™ªåŒä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€äººå‘˜å‘国家科委汇报。由çœçº§æ”¿åºœæŽ¨è，在国家科委还是第一次。国家科委å—ç†åŽï¼Œ1993年起，三磨所å†å›žè¿‡å¤´æ¥èµ°æ£å¼æ¸ é“，å‘机械部有关å¸å±€ç§‘技å¸ã€æœºåºŠå±€æ±‡æŠ¥ï¼ŒèŽ·å‡†ç«‹é¡¹ã€‚机械部上一年未å‘国家科委申报全国第一批工程技术ä¸å¿ƒï¼Œè¿™ä¸€å¹´ä¸€æ¬¡ç”³æŠ¥äº†8个。国家科委认为太多，让部排åºé‡æŠ¥ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€æŽ’第四，国家科委é‚åŒæ„申报四个。1993å¹´10月，由国家科委陈贤æ°å¤„长主æŒï¼Œéƒ¨ç§‘技å¸ã€æœºåºŠå±€ã€çœç§‘委å‚åŠ ï¼Œåœ¨éƒ‘å·žå¬å¼€äº†è¡Œä¸šä¸“家论è¯ä¼šï¼Œéƒ‘州市市长陈义åˆä¸Žä¼šï¼Œä¸“家组组长邹广田教授（å‰æž—大å¦å›½å®¶è¶…硬ææ–™é‡ç‚¹å®žéªŒå®¤ä¸»ä»»ï¼ŒçŽ°ä¸ºä¸å›½å·¥ç¨‹é™¢é™¢å£«ï¼‰ç‰15ä½ä¸“家论è¯åŽï¼Œä¸€è‡´åŒæ„申报，机械部的4家åªæœ‰ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ä¸€å®¶é€šè¿‡è¡Œä¸šä¸“家论è¯ã€‚11月åˆåœ¨åŒ—京国家科委组织全国大专家委员会评审，也获通过，为机械部的第一家，也是当年唯一的一家。1994年开始建设，8月在郑州å¬å¼€äº†ç»„建大会，部总工程师æŽå®ˆä»ã€çœäººå¤§å‰¯ä¸»ä»»èŒƒå»‰ï¼Œå›½å®¶ç§‘委ã€éƒ¨æœ‰å…³å¸å±€ä¼—多å¸é•¿ã€å‰¯å¸é•¿ï¼Œçœç§‘委主任，处长，郑州市副市长ç‰å‚åŠ ï¼Œå分隆é‡ï¼Œä¸ºä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€åŽ†å²ä¸Šä»…有。工程ä¸å¿ƒæ–°å»ºé¢ç§¯2803平方米，建立了å•æ™¶ã€é”¯ç‰‡ã€CBNç ‚è½®ç‰å…æ¡ç”Ÿäº§çº¿ã€‚1997å¹´10月末，ç»è¿‡å›½å®¶ç§‘委评估ä¸å¿ƒçŽ°åœºè¯„估，完æˆæŠ•èµ„1050万元（计划1200万元）。1998å¹´2月æ出评估报告：工程化水平和能力：强；行业地ä½å’Œä½œç”¨ï¼šé‡è¦ï¼›ç®¡ç†è¿è¡Œï¼šé«˜æ•ˆï¼›å‘展å‰æ™¯ï¼šè¾ƒå¥½ã€‚3月末å‘国家科委验收委员会汇报åŽï¼Œç»å›½å®¶ç§‘委审批验收。
这是三磨所å‘展å²ä¸Šçš„一件大事，是é¢å¯¹è½¬åž‹æ”¹åˆ¶çš„一项é‡å¤§æˆå°±ã€‚国家ç»æµŽã€ç§‘技体制改é©åŽï¼Œæ‰€é¢†å¯¼çå一直在æ€ç´¢ï¼šä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€åº”该干什么？能够干什么？将æ¥ä¼šå’‹æ ·å‘展å˜åŒ–ï¼Ÿæ€Žæ ·èƒ½ç‹¬ç«‹å˜åœ¨ã€ç»§ç»å‘挥作用？找到并å ä½å±žäºŽè‡ªå·±çš„ä½ç½®ï¼Ÿå·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¿ƒçš„建æˆï¼Œåœ¨æ‰€è½¬åˆ¶æˆä¼ä¸šã€å¤±åŽ»è¡Œä¸šç ”究所的地ä½åŽï¼Œèƒ½å¤Ÿå°†ç§‘ç ”è¿™ä¸€åŠŸèƒ½è½¬ç§»åˆ°å·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¿ƒåŽ»ï¼Œè€Œä¸”ä»ç„¶æ˜¯å›½å®¶çº§çš„一个行业（超硬ææ–™ã€åˆ¶å“ï¼‰ç ”ç©¶æœºæž„ï¼Œæ—¢å¯è¿ŽæŽ¥å¸‚场ç»æµŽä½“制的完全建立，也å¯åº”对å¯èƒ½å‘生的其他å˜åŒ–。
从国际竞争æ¥çœ‹ï¼Œä»Žå†›äº‹ç«žäº‰åˆ°ç»æµŽç«žäº‰ï¼Œå†åˆ°ç§‘技竞争ã€äººæ‰ç«žäº‰ï¼Œç§‘å¦æŠ€æœ¯çªé£žçŒ›è¿›ï¼Œæ—¥æ–°æœˆå¼‚ï¼Œé€ ç¦äººæ°‘，开创未æ¥ã€‚“创新是一个民æ—è¿›æ¥çš„çµé‚，是国家兴旺å‘达的ä¸ç«åŠ¨åŠ›â€ï¼ˆæ±Ÿæ³½æ°‘è¯ï¼‰ã€‚科技兴国是基本国ç–。ä¸å¤®æœ€è¿‘åˆæå‡ºäº†å»ºç«‹åˆ›æ–°åž‹å›½å®¶çš„ç›®æ ‡è¦æ±‚，建设我国的创新体系，包括四个方é¢ï¼šä¼ä¸šï¼ˆåˆ›æ–°ä¸»ä½“ï¼‰ï¼Œç§‘ç ”ä¸Žæ•™è‚²ï¼ˆæ‰€ä¸Žæ ¡ï¼‰ï¼Œä¸ä»‹æœºæž„，政府。计划ç»æµŽæ—¶æœŸï¼Œæˆ‘国除ä¸å›½ç§‘å¦é™¢å’Œå„åœ°çš„ç ”ç©¶é™¢æ‰€å¤–ï¼Œåœ¨ä¸å¤®å„工业部门建立了一大批产业ã€è¡Œä¸šç ”究所。90å¹´ä»£èµ·ï¼Œä¸Šè¿°æ ¼å±€å‘生了很大å˜åŒ–，1997年，国家ç»å§”在100家é‡ç‚¹ä¼ä¸šä¸å»ºç«‹äº†é¦–批100个国家级ä¼ä¸šæŠ€æœ¯ä¸å¿ƒï¼Œä»¥åŽåˆå»ºç«‹äº†å¤šæ‰¹ã€‚å›½å®¶è®¡å§”åœ¨é«˜æ ¡å»ºç«‹äº†å›½å®¶çº§å·¥ç¨‹ç ”ç©¶ä¸å¿ƒå’Œé‡ç‚¹å®žéªŒå®¤ã€‚国家科委主è¦åœ¨éƒ¨å±žè¡Œä¸šæ‰€å»ºç«‹èµ·å›½å®¶çº§å·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯ç ”究ä¸å¿ƒã€‚三磨所转制æˆç§‘技型ä¼ä¸šï¼Œæœ¬èº«å°±æ˜¯ç§‘æŠ€åˆ›æ–°çš„ä¸»ä½“ï¼Œè€Œå·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯ç ”ç©¶ä¸å¿ƒåœ¨å›½å®¶é˜Ÿã€åœ°æ–¹é˜Ÿã€ä¼ä¸šé˜Ÿä½“ç³»ä¸çš„作用更为é‡è¦ã€‚按照国家科委一ä½å¤„长的原è¯ï¼Œâ€œå·¥ç¨‹ä¸å¿ƒâ€æ˜¯ä»¥å°å£ç›¸è¿žæŽ¥çš„两个æ¼æ–—，上é¢çš„æ¼æ–—承接全国å„类科技机构的科技æˆæžœï¼Œåœ¨ä¸å¿ƒè½¬åŒ–试产，然åŽä»Žä¸‹é¢çš„æ¼æ–—å‘全国å„ç±»ä¼ä¸šä¼ é€’ï¼Œå› æ¤è¦å……分å‘挥ä¸å¿ƒçš„作用。
这一时期，为适应科技ã€ç»æµŽä½“制改é©ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€åšäº†å¤šæ–¹é¢æŽ¢ç´¢ä¸Žå‡†å¤‡ï¼Œä¸»è¦æ˜¯ä¸¤ä¸ªæ–¹é¢ï¼š1ã€ç”Ÿäº§ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œç”±æ‰€å†…å°å¾ªçŽ¯è¿‡æ¸¡åˆ°æ‰€å¤–大循环，兴办了众多è”è¥åŽ‚ï¼›2ã€ç§‘ç ”ä»»åŠ¡ï¼Œæˆç«‹äº†å›½å®¶å·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯ç ”究ä¸å¿ƒï¼Œä»¥ä¸å˜åº”万å˜ã€‚è¿™ä¸€æ—¶æœŸï¼Œè¡Œä¸šå·¥ä½œæ ¼å±€ä¹Ÿå‘生了很大å˜åŒ–，三磨所积æžæ”¯æŒæ¶‚附磨具å°è¡Œä¸šï¼Œè‡ªä¸‹è€Œä¸Šè‡ªå‘自愿建立了ä¸å›½æœ€æ—©çš„行业å会（1984年），åˆé¡ºåº”ä¸å›½æœºåºŠå·¥å…·å·¥ä¸šå会支æŒè¡Œä¸šæˆç«‹äº†ç£¨æ–™ç£¨å…·åˆ†ä¼šï¼ˆ1988年），牵头组织æˆç«‹äº†è¶…硬æ料分会，åŒæ—¶æ¶‚å也更åæˆäº†åˆ†ä¼šï¼ˆ1994年），行业三个å会先åŽç‹¬ç«‹å¼€å±•äº†è¡Œä¸šç®¡ç†ã€æœåŠ¡ç‰å·¥ä½œã€‚
三ã€å¸‚场ç»æµŽä½“制时期（1999年——）。
1999å¹´7月1æ—¥ï¼Œæ ¹æ®å›½åŠ¡é™¢æ–‡ä»¶ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€éšåŒå›½å®¶å„工业部一共242ä¸ªç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€æ£å¼ç”±äº‹ä¸šå•ä½è½¬åˆ¶ä¸ºä¼ä¸šå•ä½ã€‚2007年，三磨所在郑州高新技术开å‘区å¾åœ°100亩，建了3万平方米的厂房，æˆç«‹äº†â€œéƒ‘州三磨超硬æ料制å“有é™å…¬å¸â€ï¼Œæ ‡å¿—ç€è½¬åˆ¶å®Œå…¨æˆåŠŸã€‚三磨所骄傲的身影，光辉的业绩将继ç»é—ªè·ƒæ¶ŒçŽ°â€¦â€¦è¿™äº›æœ¬æ–‡ä¸å†å¤šè¿°ã€‚
å››ã€è¡Œä¸šæŠ€æœ¯ç®¡ç†ä¸ŽæœåŠ¡
三磨所的建所10大任务ä¸ï¼Œå°±æœ‰5项是行业技术管ç†ä»»åŠ¡ã€‚三年ç¹å»ºæœŸé—´ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€å°±å¼€å±•äº†æ ‡å‡†ã€æƒ…报和技术æœåŠ¡ç‰å·¥ä½œã€‚三磨所建立了规划ã€æƒ…报ã€æ ‡å‡†ã€è´¨é‡ç‰ä¸“门科室，é…备了专业人员，在部局领导和行业支æŒä¸‹åšäº†å¤§é‡å·¥ä½œï¼Œå¯Œæœ‰æˆæ•ˆã€‚
1983年，国家商检局ã€æœºæ¢°å·¥ä¸šéƒ¨ï¼Œä»¥ï¼ˆ83）国检二è”å—308å·æ–‡æ‰¹å‡†ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€å»ºç«‹â€œå›½å®¶ç£¨æ–™ç£¨å…·è¿›å‡ºå£å•†å“检验室â€ï¼›1988年，国家技术监ç£å±€ä»¥æŠ€ç›‘æ ‡å‘（88）261å·æ–‡æ‰¹å‡†è¡Œä¸šæˆç«‹å…¨å›½ç£¨æ–™ç£¨å…·æ ‡å‡†åŒ–æŠ€æœ¯å§”å‘˜ä¼šï¼Œç§˜ä¹¦å¤„è®¾åœ¨ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€æ€»å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆä»»ç£¨æ–™ç£¨å…·æ ‡å§”ä¼šä¸»ä»»å§”å‘˜ï¼Œç§˜ä¹¦é•¿ä¸ºæ‰€æ ‡å‡†å®¤ä¸»ä»»ã€‚1990年，机械电å工业部以机电科（1990）1652文批准三磨所建立“机械工业第四计é‡ä¸å¿ƒç«™â€ã€‚1992年国家技术监ç£å±€ä»¥æŠ€ç›‘局监å‘（1992）054å·æ–‡æ‰¹å‡†ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€è®¾ç«‹â€œå›½å®¶ç£¨æ–™ç£¨å…·è´¨é‡ç›‘ç£æ£€éªŒä¸å¿ƒâ€ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€è¡Œä¸šçš„è´¨é‡ã€æ ‡å‡†åŒ–工作，得到国家有关部门æ£å¼æ‰¹å‡†å’ŒæŽˆæƒï¼Œåœ¨æˆ‘国ç»æµŽä½“制转å˜æœŸé—´ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ä½œä¸ºè¡Œä¸šæ‰€çš„地ä½å¾—到进一æ¥åŠ 强。
1988年，æˆç«‹äº†ä¸å›½æœºåºŠå·¥å…·å·¥ä¸šå会，其下属的磨料磨具ã€æ¶‚附磨具ã€è¶…硬æ料三个分会先åŽæ‰¹å‡†å•ç‹¬æˆ–与三磨所è”åˆï¼Œå¼€å±•äº†è¡Œä¸šæŠ€æœ¯ç®¡ç†æœåŠ¡å·¥ä½œï¼Œå½¢æˆå…±ç®¡æ ¼å±€ï¼Œè¡Œä¸šç®¡ç†å¼€å§‹å‘生å˜åŒ–。1999年国家机械工业部ç‰åå‡ ä¸ªå·¥ä¸šéƒ¨ä¸‹å±žçš„ç§‘ç ”é™¢æ‰€å·²ç»è½¬åˆ¶ä¸ºä¼ä¸šï¼Œä¸å†æ˜¯è¡Œä¸šå½’å£æ‰€ï¼Œè¡Œä¸šç®¡ç†æ ¼å±€å‘ç”Ÿäº†æ ¹æœ¬æ€§å˜åŒ–，计划ç»æµŽä½“制下的è€æ ¼å±€ï¼Œå›½å®¶å·¥ä¸šéƒ¨-工业局——行业所——行业ã€ä¼ä¸šï¼Œå·²ç»è½¬å˜ä¸ºå›½å®¶æœ‰å…³éƒ¨é—¨å®è§‚管ç†â€”—行业å会（ä¸å›½æœºæ¢°å·¥ä¸šè”åˆä¼šâ€”—ä¸å›½æœºåºŠå·¥å…·å·¥ä¸šå会——å„专业分会）——行业ã€ä¼ä¸šã€‚行业所和行业å会对行业的管ç†å„有优缺点，历å²å½¢æˆçš„管ç†æ¨¡å¼ä»å°†å»¶ç»ä¸€æ®µæ—¶é—´ï¼Œä½†æ€»çš„趋势是é€æ¸è¿‡æ¸¡åˆ°ä»¥å会管ç†ä¸ºä¸»ã€‚对æ¤ã€‚我有一篇专文论述，æ¤æ–‡ä¸å†å¤šå†™ã€‚
五ã€è¯„论与分æž
上é¢å›žé¡¾å’Œè®ºè¿°äº†ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€çš„历å²å‘展，最åŽå†ä½œå‡ 点评论分æžã€‚
（一）三磨所的æˆå°±:1961å¹´6月ä¸å¤®åˆ¶è®¢äº†â€œç§‘技工作14æ¡â€ï¼Œæå‡ºç§‘ç ”å•ä½çš„æ ¹æœ¬ä»»åŠ¡æ˜¯å‡ºæˆæžœã€å‡ºäººæ‰ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ä¹Ÿå‡ºæ•ˆç›Š
1ã€å‡ºæˆæžœï¼šè‡³1998年，40年间，三磨所共完æˆç§‘ç ”é¡¹ç›®1022项。其ä¸å–·å°„å¼äººé€ 金刚石烧结体三刮刀钻头获得国家二ç‰å‘明奖，碳硅硼ã€çƒ§ç»“刚玉两项获得三ç‰å‘明奖，1978年全国科å¦å¤§ä¼šèŽ·å¥–äº”é¡¹ï¼ˆäººé€ é‡‘åˆšçŸ³ã€CBNã€é 钕刚玉ã€å¼ºåŠ›å¹³é¢ç£¨å‰Šï¼‰ï¼Œå¦æœ‰éƒ¨çœå¥–78项共86项（ä¸è®¡éƒ¨çœé‡å¤å¥–ï¼‰ã€‚ç ”åˆ¶æˆåŠŸäººé€ 金刚石时，当时如果有奖项，应该评上国家一ç‰å¥–。这些æˆæžœè¿˜å¼€åˆ›äº†ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ä¸€ä¸ªæ–°ä¸“业，这些æˆæžœçš„产业化率很高，如：超硬æ料和制å“就创建了我国一个新的行业。按2010å¹´è¡Œä¸šå¹´é‰´ï¼Œæˆ‘å›½äººé€ é‡‘åˆšçŸ³äº§é‡è¾¾92亿克拉，å å…¨çƒ90%。
2ã€å‡ºäººæ‰ã€‚40年间培养出160å高级人æ‰ï¼Œå…¶ä¸æ•™æŽˆçº§20人，享å—国务院特殊津贴专家19人。培养出æ¥çš„超硬æ料人æ‰å‡ 乎é布全行业，å¬å¼€è¡Œä¸šä¼šæ€»èƒ½è§åˆ°å¾ˆå¤šç†Ÿé¢å”。
3ã€å‡ºæ•ˆç›Šã€‚到1986å¹´å·¦å³ï¼Œä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ç´¯è®¡å¾—到国家å„项拨款2890万元，而本所自行收入达到3380万元，超过å‰è€…。这以åŽçš„自收比例更高，社会ç»æµŽæ•ˆç›Šæ›´å¤§ï¼Œéš¾ä»¥è®¡ç®—。
（二）三磨所的历å²å˜åŒ–
1ã€åœ°ä½æ€§è´¨çš„æ ¹æœ¬æ€§å˜åŒ–：原为国家事业å•ä½ï¼Œè¡Œä¸šå”¯ä¸€çš„综åˆç ”究所。现在为科技型ä¼ä¸šï¼Œéš¶å±žå›½æœºé›†å›¢ï¼Œå·²ç»æˆä¸ºè¡Œä¸šä¸€å‘˜ã€‚
2ã€ç§‘ç ”ä»»åŠ¡æ–¹é¢çš„相应å˜åŒ–ï¼šè¡Œä¸šæ‰€çš„ç§‘ç ”ä»»åŠ¡å·²ç»åˆ†åŒ–æˆâ€œå·¥ç¨‹æŠ€æœ¯ä¸å¿ƒâ€ï¼Œè™½ä»ä¸ºå›½å®¶çº§ï¼Œä½†å·¥ä½œã€ç®¡ç†ä¸Šå·²ä¸Žå‰å¤§ä¸ä¸€æ ·ï¼Œä¸å†æ˜¯è¡Œæ”¿æ€§è´¨çš„下达任务和转让æˆæžœï¼Œå·²ç»å®Œå…¨å¸‚场化。“工程ä¸å¿ƒâ€çš„作用，一é 国家政ç–，二é 自身实力，是今åŽåº”该紧紧抓ä½çš„大头。
3ã€è¡Œä¸šå·¥ä½œçš„å˜åŒ–：三磨所虽已转制，但历å²å½¢æˆçš„一整套行业技术工作ä»åœ¨ã€‚虽然行业å会已兴起，但国家授æƒç»™ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€çš„è´¨é‡ç›‘ç£æ£€éªŒã€æ ‡å‡†åŒ–ç‰å·¥ä½œï¼Œå°†ä¼šç»§ç»å»¶ç»ä¸‹åŽ»ï¼Œæ˜¯å¦ä»Žä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€ç›¸å¯¹ç‹¬ç«‹æˆ–完全分离出去，å–决于国家政ç–（全国众多行业所å‡å¦‚æ¤ï¼‰ï¼Œä¹Ÿå–决于å会与行业所åˆä½œçš„关系，而情报ã€è§„划这一类行业工作则将é€æ¥å®Œå…¨è½¬ç§»åˆ°å会方é¢ã€‚
4ã€ç”Ÿäº§ä»»åŠ¡ï¼šæˆä¸ºè½¬åˆ¶åŽæ¯å员工的头ç‰å¤§äº‹ï¼Œä¹Ÿæ˜¯ä¸‰ç£¨æ‰€èµ–以生å˜å‘展的基础。“工程ä¸å¿ƒâ€ä¹Ÿå°†ä¾æ‰˜å®ƒã€‚三磨所整体è¿å…¥éƒ‘州高新技术开å‘区åŽï¼Œç”Ÿäº§èƒ½åŠ›å’Œç»è¥è§„模å‘展迅速, 2012å¹´ç»è¥æ”¶å…¥è¶…过2亿元。
（三）三磨所的曲折å‘展
我个人认为，三磨所50多年的å‘展曲线，有三个高峰，两个低谷。1958—1970年主è¦æ˜¯ä¸Šå‡ï¼Œ1970—1972三年间是第一个高峰，也是所的黄金时代。以åŽä¸‹é™ï¼Œè‡³1985年为最低低谷。1989年走出低谷，上å‡ï¼Œ1991—1993年为第二高峰。éšåŽä¸‹é™è‡³1996年为第二谷底，1998å¹´å†æ¬¡ä¸Šå‡ï¼Œè‡³2010年进入第三高峰，目å‰ä»åœ¨ç»§ç»ã€‚
（四）行业背景
ç»è¿‡æ”¹é©å¼€æ”¾30多年的大å‘展，磨料磨具行业也å‘生了很大å˜åŒ–，鼓舞之余，也å°æœ‰æ„Ÿå¹ã€‚2010年的行业年鉴，统计ä¼ä¸š230多家，工业总产值约300亿元，是1957å¹´çš„9000å€ï¼Œ1978å¹´çš„50多å€ï¼Œä»Žä¸šäººå‘˜64146人，年产磨料108万å¨ï¼Œç£¨å…·20.5万å¨ï¼Œäººé€ 金刚石84.4亿克拉，涂附磨具4亿平方米，真是今éžæ˜”比。一点感å¹æ˜¯ä¼ä¸šå录ä¸ï¼ŒåŽŸæ¥çš„部直属7厂ã€å½’å£56厂，åªæ‰¾åˆ°äº†å»–å»–å‡ å®¶ã€‚
回顾三磨所的å‘展，å¯è°“硕果累累，人æ‰è¾ˆå‡ºï¼Œè´¡çŒ®å·¨å¤§ï¼Œæˆå°±è¾‰ç…Œï¼Œæ³¢æ¾œå£®é˜”，精彩纷呈,令人激动。
我1960å¹´8月åŽå·¥æ¯•ä¸šåˆ†é…æ¥æ‰€ï¼Œ1996å¹´8月退休，在所工作36年，从三磨所的最åŽä¸€å¹´å¤šç¹å»ºæœŸç›´åˆ°è½¬åˆ¶å‰ä¸‰å¹´ã€‚回顾三磨所的建立和å‘展，å‡èšäº†å‡ 代三磨人的心血和汗水，ä¸å°‘人为之奋斗终生，在所å²é™„录的åå•ä¸ï¼Œå·²æœ‰70多人é€ä¸–，在我å‰é¢çš„所领导ä¸ï¼Œæ‰€é•¿çŽ‹æ´¥ã€é™†æ ¹ä»ã€å¸æŒ¯æ¡ã€çŽ‹å…‹éžã€èµµç¾¤ä¸€ã€åŸåº†è¾‰ã€é’±æƒŸåœï¼Œå…šå§”书记åžå»ºèŠ³ã€å™æˆå¦ï¼Œå‰¯æ‰€é•¿æ™‹å¾·å¼ºã€å‰¯æ€»å·¥ç¨‹å¸ˆçŽ‹å¾·ç¥¥ã€é™ˆæ°¸è´µç‰åŒå¿—，å‡å·²åŽ»ä¸–。就连与我åŒä¸€çå共事的陆诚总师ã€é‚µå¾·åŽšå‰¯ä¹¦è®°ä¹Ÿå…ˆæˆ‘而去。谨以æ¤æ–‡ä½œä¸ºå¯¹è¿™äº›é¢†å¯¼åŒå¿—和所有é€ä¸–的三磨人，一个衷心的告慰和深深的怀念ï¼
Disposable Coverall Gown,Hospital Isolation Gowns,Isolation Gown Coverall,Disposable Isolation Gowns
Ningbo Autrends Prevention Products Co., Ltd , https://www.autrendsafety.com