Potato crops, also known as root crops, mainly include sweet potato, potato, cassava, and yam, which are important food crops in non-cereal crops. In high-yield cultivation, fertilization of potato crops must take reasonable fertilization measures according to their nutritional characteristics, soil, environment, cultivation conditions, etc., in order to continuously improve production and benefits.
I. Nutritional characteristics of potato crops Potato crops require a large amount of fertilizer, especially for potassium, which is much more than cereal crops. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole life is the highest in potassium, the second in nitrogen and the least in phosphorus. For every 1000 kilograms of roots or tubers produced, about 4-6 kilograms of nitrogen, 2-3 kilograms of phosphorus, and 10.5 kilograms of potassium are required. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 2.5:1:4.5.
In the whole growth and development process of potato crops, the types and quantities of nutrients required in each growth period are also different due to different growth and development stages. In the early stage of growth, due to the small amount of plant growth, the demand for nutrients is small. The nutrient uptake of 30-40 days in the pre-growth period accounts for about 25% of the whole growth period. After the increase of plant growth, the demand for nutrients gradually increases. Increased to the roots and tuber expansion period, the absorption of nutrients reached a peak, the absorption accounted for more than 50% of the total growth period, the absorption of nutrients gradually decreased in the late growth period.
Although the demand for nutrients is small in the early stage of growth, it is very sensitive. The lack of fertilizer will seriously affect the development of stems and leaves and roots, thus affecting the formation of tuber roots. The root and tuber expansion period is the most vigorous period of above-ground and underground growth, requiring the most fertilizer, which is the most efficient period of nutrition and a key period for fertilization.
Second, the fertilization technology of potato crops potato crops should master the principle of "mainly organic fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing". The amount of fertilizer should be considered comprehensively based on fertilizer type, soil fertility, yield level, and fertilizer utilization rate. Generally, the basic application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer accounts for 70-80% of the total amount, and even higher. The base application amount of nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 50-60% of the total amount, and the top dressing accounts for 40-50%.
(1) Application of base fertilizer. Emphasis on the application of base fertilizer, the application of organic fertilizer, combined with the application of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer is an extremely important measure for the high yield and high efficiency of potato crops. The types of base fertilizers are mainly ring fertilizer, soil fertilizer, grass ash, etc., while adding superphosphate, quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer or applying compound fertilizer.
(2) Application of top dressing. According to the soil fertility, the amount of base fertilizer and the growth situation, it should be chased early and the yield increase effect is better; the later the top dressing, the worse the effect. Topdressing should be combined with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. It can be applied to multi-element compound fertilizer, 10-15 kg per mu, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should not be too much. Early-maturing varieties are topdressed at the seedling stage, and the mid-late-maturing varieties are mainly applied before flowering.
The amount of chemical fertilizer is not as high as possible. Excessive application of chemical fertilizer will result in reduced production. All localities should adapt to local conditions and determine reasonable fertilization standards to achieve the goal of not wasting fertilizer and fully exerting fertilizer efficiency.
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