Due to China's late understanding of the important position of mechanical basic parts in the machinery industry, long-term lack of investment has resulted in poor foundation, weak foundation and weak strength. In particular, with the improvement of the level of China's mainframes, the bottleneck phenomenon of mechanical basic components falling behind the mainframe has become increasingly apparent. In recent years, although the state has given certain support in terms of technology introduction, technological transformation, scientific research and development, etc., compared with the current market demand and foreign level, there is still a big gap.
The specific performance is: low product variety, low level, unstable quality, high early failure rate and poor reliability. China's mechanical basic parts have few varieties and specifications, especially the high-end products have large gaps, which cannot meet the growing needs of the mainframe. At present, the performance indicators of various types of mainframe components are roughly equivalent to those of foreign countries in the 1980s.
The quality is unstable, the early failure rate is high, and the reliability is poor, which is the Achilles heel of the basic parts. Therefore, in order to improve the market competitiveness of their mainframes, many OEMs often choose to import basic components, resulting in a decline in domestic market share, especially for products with lower technical content. Although China's basic parts exports have obvious advantages, they are mainly labor-intensive products, large in quantity, low in value, and low in technology added value.
At present, China's mechanical basic parts industry has the following main problems: First, the repeated construction is serious, the degree of specialization is low, the shape is not scaled, and the economic benefits are poor. Compared with the mainframe, the initial capital and technology required by the enterprise are relatively more invested. Less, so in the period of several major economic developments in the country, a number of basic parts production enterprises have been added, and a large number of low-level redundant constructions have emerged, with many points and small batches, which are not economic scale.
Although the basic parts enterprises are gradually independent of the main engine factory, most of the enterprises themselves are large, full, small and complete, with low degree of specialization, low equipment level, unstable quality and low economic efficiency. For example, the total annual output of three large-scale backbone enterprises in China's bearing industry is less than 50% of a well-known foreign company.
In the past two years, China has built nearly one hundred hydraulic parts factories, but only a few of them have an annual output of more than 300,000 pieces. The main products are for agricultural machinery. The German Rexroth company produces 1.3 million pieces of various hydraulic parts per year, and Japan Oil Research Co., Ltd. also produces more than 600,000 pieces per year. The per capita output value of mold enterprises in industrialized countries is about 150,000 to 200,000 US dollars, and China has only 40,000 to 50,000 yuan.
In recent years, with the implementation of the common development policy of multiple ownership systems, the basic parts industry is experiencing an intensive development process from decentralization to gradual concentration. Second, the strength of scientific research and development is weak, capital investment is insufficient, and technological progress is slow. Basic industries introduced a number of foreign advanced technologies in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but lacked sufficient software and hardware investment for digestion and absorption. .
According to foreign experience, the ratio of imported technology and funds needed for digestion and absorption is about 1:7, while China has a late understanding of this, and the digestion and absorption steps are slow. Market competition is actually a contest of technical strength. Foreign countries attach great importance to this and have increased their investment and occupied the commanding heights of technology. The funds used by major famous companies for research and development account for 4% to 5% of their sales, and the key areas are 10%.
At present, although there are many colleges and universities in China engaged in scientific research, many theoretical research, scientific research results, and patent papers have a fairly high level, but the combination with production is not tight, especially the speed of conversion into commodities. Third, raw materials and related technologies are backward, and the level of technology and process equipment is low, which restricts the development of basic parts. The quality of steel used in fasteners, chains, springs, bearings, molds, etc. is poor, and the variety specifications are small, which directly affects the basic parts. The quality of the products, while the hydraulic castings and the electronic control technology related to the quality of the hydraulic components are backward, also directly affects the quality and reliability of the hydraulic components.
Mechanical basic parts are generally produced in batches, in large quantities, and also have many varieties and high processing precision requirements. Therefore, the production process and equipment are required to be high and the investment is large. High-efficiency and high-precision special planes, production lines or flexible lines are used in foreign countries to achieve efficient and automated production. However, some basic parts enterprises in China are restricted by funds, and the input is not strong. The self-reformability of enterprises is poor, and the advanced equipment is small and unsuitable, which affects the quality of products.
Comprehensive analysis, the main reasons for the above problems are: 1. The weak enterprise foundation is due to the poor foundation of China's mechanical basic parts industry, thin foundation, low investment in science and technology, weak development force, and can not meet the needs of the introduction, joint venture, cooperation and rapid development of the mainframe industry, resulting in a decline in the domestic market share of mechanical basic parts.
2. The country lacks strong policy support for the mechanical basic parts industry. Although the state has clearly defined the important mechanical basic parts (mold, bearing, hydraulic, pneumatic, seal, etc.) in terms of industrial policies, it lacks the support of corresponding supporting policies. If the tax burden of the mold industry is too heavy, the enterprises that enjoy the partial return of value-added tax are less than one hundred in the country. The scope is too narrow, the effect is limited, and the policy needs to continue to support.
Therefore, in order to improve the market competitiveness of China's mechanical basic parts products and better meet the demand of China's machinery industry for domestic basic parts, it is expected that China's basic parts industry will face further adjustments to integrate superior resources and eliminate backward enterprises. In the next 5 to 10 years, the industry will strive to make great progress and breakthroughs in the development of branded products and brand-name enterprises, technological innovation, improvement of domestic and international market competitiveness and strengthening of intensive management.
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Tag: Foundation Parts Rexroth Machinery Industry Pump Valves Main Engine Factory
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