Su Bo, deputy director of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China, said on the 6th that China’s new material industry in 2011 exceeded 800 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 150 billion yuan compared with the previous year. Moreover, the scale of China's new materials industry is experiencing rapid expansion in recent years, with an average annual growth rate of more than 20%.
At present, China's rare earth functional materials, advanced energy storage materials, photovoltaic materials, silicones, superhard materials, special stainless steel, glass fiber and composite materials have been in the forefront of the world.
Gan Yong, deputy dean of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, said that China has mastered 18 key technologies for new materials, including high-performance carbon fiber, high-quality special steel and semiconductor lighting materials and chips. Su Bo said that the new materials are an important basis for promoting the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, and also a major support and guarantee for the development of national strategic emerging industries. He said that the new materials industry has important strategic significance for improving the overall strength of China's materials industry and promoting industrial transformation and upgrading.
Despite this, the new materials industry also faces many problems in the development process, such as low level of technological innovation and weak self-development capabilities. Gan Yong said that China's high-end structural materials and functional materials are also facing problems such as low self-sufficiency, low material quality, and new material development and industrialization. Although some high-end products have been successfully developed in China, they are difficult to promote and apply, and related products have to rely on imports.
Su Bo said that to achieve the development goals of the new materials industry in the next few years, the joint efforts of governments at all levels, new materials research institutes, production enterprises and user enterprises are needed.
Gan Yong said that in recent years, China's new materials have emerged and the space for industrialization is huge. In the next 5-10 years, China's development in new structural materials and high-performance functional materials will be outstanding.
A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry objects rather than people. Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When installed in restaurants, schools, kindergartens, hospitals, retirement homes or in private homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen.
The term seems to have been popularized in the United States in the 1840s, after the model of earlier "dumbwaiters" now known as serving trays and lazy Susans. The mechanical dumbwaiter was invented by George W. Cannon, a New York City inventor. Cannon first filed for the patent of a brake system (US Patent no. 260776) that could be used for a dumbwaiter on January 6, 1883. Cannon later filed for the patent on the mechanical dumbwaiter (US Patent No. 361268) on February 17, 1887.Cannon reportedly generated a vast amount of royalties from the dumbwaiter patents until his death in 1897.
A simple dumbwaiter is a movable frame in a shaft, dropped by a rope on a pulley, guided by rails; most dumbwaiters have a shaft, cart, and capacity smaller than those of passenger elevators, usually 45 to 450 kg (100 to 1000 lbs.) Before electric motors were added in the 1920s, dumbwaiters were controlled manually by ropes on pulleys.
Early 20th-century codes sometimes required fireproof dumbwaiter walls and self-closing fireproof doors and mention features such as buttons to control movement between floors and locks on doors preventing them from opening unless the cart is stopped at that floor. Dumbwaiter Lifts in London were extremely popular in the houses of the rich and privileged. Maids would use them to deliver laundry to the laundry room from different rooms in the house. They negated the need to carry handfuls of dirty washing through the house, saving time and preventing injury.
A legal complaint about a Manhattan restaurant's dumbwaiter in 1915, which also mentions that food orders are shouted up and down the shaft, describes its operation and limitations as follows:
[There is] ... great play between the cart of the dumb-waiter and the guides on which it runs, with the result that the running of the cart is accompanied by a loud noise. The rope which operates the cart of the dumb-waiter runs in a wheel with a very shallow groove, so that the rope is liable to and does at times slip off. ... The cart has no shock absorbers at the top, so that when it strikes the top of the shaft or wheel there is a loud report. ... [T]he ropes of the dumb-waiter strike such wall at frequent intervals with a loud report. ... [T]he dumb-waiter is often negligently operated, by running it faster than necessary, and by letting it go down with a sudden fall.
More recent dumbwaiters can be more sophisticated, using electric motors, automatic control systems, and custom freight containers of other kinds of elevators. Recently constructed book lifts in libraries and mail or other freight transports in office towers may be larger than many dumbwaiters in public restaurants and private homes, supporting loads as heavy as 450 kg (990lbs)
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