With the rapid development of the coating industry in China for more than 20 years, the information of coating technology has expanded rapidly, and its content has become more and more, and the knowledge involved has become more and more extensive, and the intersection with other technologies has become more and more complicated. In the face of the complicated materials and information of coating technology, it is necessary to systematically analyze and organize them to form a complete and systematic coating technology knowledge system. A clear understanding of the structure and content of the coating technology knowledge system facilitates the teaching, research, technical exchange and practical production problems of painting technology.
1 basic concepts in painting technology
To explore the structure of the coating technology knowledge system, we should first analyze the two basic concepts in the coating technology. Although these concepts are often used, but they are carefully pursued, there are indeed some problems that need to be carefully explored and studied.
1.1 "painting technology" concept
Among the relevant books and technical materials, the concepts of “painting technology†are relatively similar and representative:
(1) Coating technology includes conditions such as coating equipment and painting environment or coating technology including methods, processes, painting equipment and environment.
(2) The entire process of applying a coating to the surface of an object to form a coating film is called a coating or painting technique.
(3) Coating technology includes coating, coating process and equipment, and coating management.
(4) Coating coating technology refers to the preparation and production of coatings and their coating and film forming techniques. It is an important part of the representative and characteristic of the emerging comprehensive discipline of surface technology.
As can be seen from the above discussion, there is no uniform and strict definition of "painting technology", and there are many arguments, which is difficult to unify. In a literal sense, the term “painting technology†is a combination of “painting†and “technologyâ€. If you want to define “painting technologyâ€, you should analyze “painting†and “technology†separately. In particular, the focus is on the concept of "technology" and then synthesizing it to give an accurate definition.
The concept of painting is defined as the process of applying a coating to the surface of a substrate to form a protective, decorative or functionally functional coating, also known as coating construction. The operation of spreading the paint on the surface of the object to be coated is sometimes referred to as painting. The definition of "painting" is relatively clear and the statement is relatively consistent. The problem is that defining "technology" is a more complicated matter. Although the term "technology" is widely used, the technical concepts in each person's mind are quite inconsistent. Research to date has fully revealed the diversity of technology definitions and the complexity of defining technologies. It is quite surprising to look at the literature on the definition of "technology", which is quite complicated. The definition of technology in China's "Ci Hai": 1 refers to the various process operations and skills developed according to the production practice experience and the principles of natural science. 2 In addition to the operating technology, in a broad sense, it also includes the corresponding production tools and other material equipment, as well as the production process or operating procedures and methods.
Some experts believe that the meaning of the term "technology" should be the various tools, material equipment and raw materials used in social production and other social activities in a certain period of time, as well as the production process, operating procedures and methods; Process operations and skills. Technology is also a unity of human form activities and their effective means and results.
Some experts believe that the currently influential definitions of technology are summarized in the following four categories:
1 Production labor system system said. It is considered that technology is the sum of labor means.
2 scientific knowledge application.
The so-called technology is the conscious use of objective regularity in practice (productive practice).
3 production labor skills said. It is considered that technology is a subjective ability and is an intrinsic ability that people acquire through education and training.
4 Knowledge theory holds that technology is the knowledge that people need in their practical activities.
Some experts believe that the results of the debate have recently returned to the French scientist Diderot's definition of technology. Technology is considered to be a method, means and rule system for achieving specific goals and acting together. Knowledge, methods, means, rules, etc. are just technical elements.
Some experts believe that it is necessary to first distinguish between narrow technology and generalized technology. The so-called narrow sense technology is what people usually call technology, technology in "technical work", production technology, work technology, medical technology, and technology for people and nature. The so-called generalized technology generally refers to the sum of all the means and methods applied in the whole activities of human transformation of nature, transformation of society and transformation of the people themselves. In short, all effective means and methods are technology.
People have so many sayings about "technology" because "technology" is a concept of context-dependent. In different contexts such as philosophy, economics, sociology, political science, and engineering, the definition of technology also has its own focus. As an engineering technician, we should focus on the research and understanding of the concept of "technology" in engineering.
The definition of "technology" should have five main points:
1 Separating technology from science, technology is "purposeful";
2 Emphasize that technology is accomplished through extensive “social collaborationâ€;
3 indicates that the main performance of the technology is the production of "tools", which are equipment and hardware;
4 pointed out another important manifestation of technology - the rules, that is, the processes, methods, systems and other knowledge used in production, this is the software;
5 Putting the definition of technology definition on the “knowledge systemâ€, that is, technology is a complete set of knowledge systems. According to the above analysis and research on "painting" and "technology", if the two are combined to define "painting technology", I think it should be as follows: the so-called painting technology is in a certain coating production environment, Apply the materials and equipment required for painting, and follow the knowledge of the process and management of the coating production.
The above definition of coating technology includes at least five aspects: coating materials (referring to chemical materials and accessories); painting equipment (including tools); painting environment; painting process; painting management. The elements of these five aspects, intermingled with other technologies, constitute the coating technology knowledge system.
1.2 "painting process" concept
Another concept that needs analytical research is the “painting processâ€. At present, there are two similar statements related to this concept.
(1) The coating process generally consists of three basic processes: surface treatment (including surface cleaning and chemical treatment), coating and drying (including drying).
(2) The coating process is based on the degree of decorative appearance of the coated object, the performance of the paint film, etc. It is the final result of the coating design, and is the technical basis for the design and painting of the factory.
The above two statements only talk about the composition, formulation methods and functions of the coating process, and do not define the coating process.
Just like the analysis of the concept of “painting technologyâ€, it is necessary to separate the “painting†from the “process†and examine it separately. In particular, we should focus on the concept of “process†and then combine the two to define it.
There are various sayings about the concept of "craft". In China's "Ci Hai", the process is defined as: a method of processing a certain raw material or semi-finished product into a finished product by using certain material means. The Oxford Dictionary defines Process as a series of carefully taken steps, procedures, and procedures, referring to methods and methods used in production or industry; the technical philosopher F. Rapp states: “The craft is narrow. Technology, in the simplest case, it refers to the skills that can be studied"; some domestic scholars believe that: "Process is the process of using certain material means to make the size and shape of the material change to meet certain functions or way". It has also been suggested that "the process is the material means by which the design can be realized." “Process usually refers to the processing procedures and methods in technical activities, which are means of combining substances based on knowledge and abilityâ€. The recent research results define the process as follows: The process is a stipulation of the quality and quantity of the combination of the technical system elements or the subsystems and the operational state during the product formation process. Combined with the above analysis, I believe that the definition of “painting process†should be: the requirements, design and regulations for the combination of materials, equipment, environment and other factors required for painting in the painting production process.
2 Thoughts on the current statement of the coating technology knowledge system structure
According to the definition of painting technology, painting technology can be regarded as a knowledge system. So how is this knowledge system structured? It needs to be analyzed. Judging from the available data, there are several representative statements.
2.1 Painting three elements
The book "Painting Technology" edited by Wang Xichun and others first proposed the "three elements of painting"? It was continually cited in subsequent papers on paper and painting technology magazines. According to the "three elements of painting", the coating is mainly composed of three parts: coating, coating technology (including the coating equipment used and the coating environment), and painting management. The three elements of painting are the focus of the book "Painting Technology". There are eight chapters in Chapter 11 of the book to introduce the basic knowledge and theory in this aspect.
2.2 four aspects of painting technology
In the article "Painting Technology Management", the paper puts forward the saying that "painting technology includes: coating, painting process and equipment, painting management".
2.3 four elements of painting
In the article "Tracking Research on Coating Technology of Automobiles and Parts", it is proposed that "painting materials, painting processes, painting equipment and painting management are the four major elements of automotive painting. These major elements complement each other and vary from one to another. The idea of ​​constantly improving the progress of painting technology. The article "The latest technological developments in automotive painting" also uses the four elements of the article. Analysis of the above three statements, I feel that the following points need to be discussed and studied together.
(1) Among the three elements of painting, “painting technology†is listed as one of the three elements. According to the definition, painting can not include painting technology, painting technology can not include coating technology itself, and there are conceptual overlaps in terms of logic.
(2) In the four aspects of painting and the four aspects of painting technology, “paint†is listed as one of the elements. Here, there are problems that outline the missing items. The materials used in coating production are not only paints, but also a large number of cleaning agents (degreasers), phosphating solutions, sealants, various excipients, etc., should be replaced by "painting materials (chemical materials and accessories)" .
(3) Separation of coating materials, painting processes, painting equipment, and painting management is an improvement in terms of classification. However, with the development and progress of coating technology, people have gradually discovered that the coating environment is an important factor, and more and more papers on the coating environment have been published.
I believe that the coating environment should be listed as one of the elements of painting technology. (4) In addition to the main factors (elements) involved in painting technology, there are quite a few other technologies that cross and infiltrate with coating technology, such as: environmental protection technology, safety technology, fire protection technology, factory design, automation technology, etc. Close contact with painting technology is a secondary factor in coating technology. How to “link†to the main factors is also a problem that needs to be studied.Of course, the above three kinds of statements were born in the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s. This also reflects the continuous development and progress of China's coating technology. This is also the result of deepening understanding of painting technology. Theoretical analysis provides a solid foundation and should be thanked for their contributions to the theory and practice of coating technology.
3 classification thinking of five elements of painting technology
Based on the definition of painting technology, painting process concept and thinking about the current statement, I believe that the structure of the coating technology knowledge system should be composed of major factors (elements) and secondary factors; the main factors should be divided into five major elements: Coating materials (chemical materials and accessories), painting equipment (including tools), painting environment, painting process, painting management. Carry out specific analysis and research on the five major elements.
3.1 Painting materials
The coating material refers to the chemical materials and auxiliary materials used in the coating production process. Including cleaning agents, surface conditioners, phosphating solutions, passivation solutions, various coatings, solvents, putty, sealant, anti-rust wax and other chemical materials; should also include gauze, sandpaper, rubber and plastic parts used in the process Wait.
From the perspective of coating technology, chemical materials should focus on understanding the various technical properties of materials, the requirements of the coating environment, equipment, and the required process, and select chemical materials and auxiliary materials according to actual conditions. How to manufacture these products should be the scope of research on fine chemical technology.
3.2 Painting equipment
Painting equipment refers to the equipment and tools used in the painting production process. Including spray blasting equipment and abrasive, degreasing, cleaning, phosphating equipment, electrophoretic coating equipment, spray booth, flow chamber, drying room, strong cold room; dip coating, roller coating equipment, electrostatic spraying equipment, powder coating Equipment; paint supply device, painting machine (special machine), painting and transportation equipment, painting station equipment; clean vacuum equipment (system), compressed air supply equipment (facilities); test equipment and so on. Painting equipment is the most important form of hardware in the coating technology knowledge system, which has a great impact on the progress of coating technology.
3.3 Painting environment
The painting environment refers to the space environment outside the interior of the painting equipment. Space should include the interior of the paint shop (plant) and the exterior of the paint shop (plant), not just the part of the ground. In terms of technical parameters, it should include temperature, humidity, cleanliness, illumination (lighting and lighting), ventilation, and control of pollutants in the paint shop (plant). For the environmental requirements outside the paint shop (plant), it should be kept away from pollution sources through the general layout of the plant area, strengthen greening and dust prevention, and improve environmental quality. One of the five elements of including the painting environment as a coating technique is a new formulation. The importance of the painting environment has been recognized by many coating technicians. According to the article "Improving the coating quality to improve the coating quality", good coating quality requires not only advanced coating equipment, perfect coating process and excellent coating conditions, but also a good coating environment. The coating environment is juxtaposed with the coating materials, painting equipment and painting process, which has reflected the important position of the coating environment in the coating technology. In addition, for the formation of the painting environment, the coating technician needs to propose the design goal, and implement it together with the general plan, civil engineering, and public technicians to finally form the painting environment.
3.4 Painting process
According to the above definition of "painting process", it can be seen that the concept of the painting process should be much larger than the traditional understanding, and the content is much richer.
The coating process shall include the process method, process, and process; it shall include the coating process design and process test; it shall include systematic consideration, arrangement, and arrangement of various elements of the paint shop (painting production site); It includes the requirements for other related professions and various restrictions such as laws and regulations. For the understanding of the basic concepts of processes, processes, processes, and processes, and their relationship to each other, please refer to "The Essence of the Process". This article will not be discussed too much.
3.5 Painting Management
Painting management is the process of effectively planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the coating resources owned by an organization in a specific environment in order to achieve a predetermined coating goal. Painting management is associated with a certain enterprise, most of which are a workshop or branch in a large enterprise, and a few are independent legal entities. Painting management is a subsystem in the entire enterprise management system, and discussion of painting management should be carried out under this precondition. Among the five elements of painting, the gap between China's painting management and foreign countries is larger than the other four factors, and it is the most backward. It is necessary to strengthen research in this area and improve the level of painting technology. There are many sayings about the content that painting management should include. I think that painting management should include: personnel management, production (business) management, technology and quality management, equipment management, material management, and on-site management.
(1) Personnel management
Mainly to train employees without interruption, improve skills and responsibility. It is necessary to train a group of workshop directors, craftsmen and team leaders with professional knowledge, strong sense of responsibility and good management. Personnel training should be synchronized with the construction of the paint shop. Workers engaged in painting operations must undergo professional training before they are employed. Through training and learning, each operator has the required quality.
(2) Production (business) management
The painting workshop or branch factory should decompose the overall production target of the enterprise, determine the painting work plan, prepare the coating production, coordinate the relationship with the welding workshop and the assembly workshop, ensure the information transmission and communication with the various management departments, and control the painting. Cost to ensure safe production of painting. For an independently operated paint production company, more management work is required. For production management, we must not only pay attention to production arrangements, organize production in a timely manner, make production consistent, smooth and reasonable, avoiding the situation of disordered production, and pay attention to the work in production management, on the basis of existing equipment and personnel. Give full play to its capabilities.
(3) Technology and quality management
It should include the usual technical management, process management, quality management and control. For process and technical management, it is required to do technical supervision and inspection of the coating line to ensure that the operation is strictly carried out in accordance with the process requirements, and the process inspection is carried out regularly or irregularly. For quality management, it is necessary to establish a coating quality assurance system, establish and improve total quality management (TQC), pay attention to TQC's people, machines, materials, laws, and rings; pay attention to improve employees' quality awareness and enthusiasm for improving quality. Listen to opinions, analyze and solve problems together; pay attention to standardization of painting management; pay attention to the prediction and countermeasure functions of quality management.
(4) Equipment management
Mainly to do the maintenance and maintenance of equipment and tooling, so that the equipment can maintain good production status at any time. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with equipment accidents in a timely manner, do a good job in equipment spare parts management, equipment maintenance and registration, and do a good job in equipment maintenance and repair without affecting production.
(5) Material management
The paint shop (factory) uses a wide variety of materials, mostly chemical products, which are prone to deterioration during storage and transportation. Therefore, it is necessary to control the ordering of the coating materials and control the quality and quantity of the materials in the construction process in order to ensure the normal production and the quality of the coating.
If the conditional factory can use the "system supply" form, in order to improve quality, reduce consumption, save wood, reduce manpower and inventory.
(6) Site management
Due to the special nature of the coating production, the on-site management of the paint shop (factory) is much higher than that of any workshop in the mechanical factory or automobile factory. The focus of on-site management is on-time production, fixed management and civilized production. It is very necessary and effective to introduce the management concept of Japan's "5S site management" to the on-site management of the painting workshop. "5S Site Management" includes the contents of SEIRI, SEITON, SEISO, SEIKETSU, and SHITUKE. For details, please refer to the relevant materials.
4 relationship between the five elements of painting technology
Analysis of the characteristics of the five elements of painting technology, it can be seen that: painting materials, painting equipment, painting environment is visible and tangible tangible material and space, is hardware; and painting process, painting management It is intangible and intrinsic, and it is software; the five elements of painting technology are composed of "three hard and two soft". Moreover, the various elements are organically connected and interact with each other, not in isolation. The coating material has functional requirements for the coating equipment; the painting environment has a great influence on the coating materials and painting equipment; the painting process covers the “three hardâ€; the painting management is the highest level, covering the other four elements. The scope of influence is the widest.
5 Other technologies related to the five elements of painting technology
The "five elements" are the backbone and elements of the coating technology. They interpenetrate with other technologies and cross each other to form a very rich coating technology knowledge system. Standards, environmental protection, fire protection, labor protection, automation and mechanization technologies, and manufacturing technologies are widely used in various technologies, and have been researched and developed into a technical knowledge system of self-contained systems. Therefore, they cannot be classified as "elements", but should be regarded as a secondary component of the coating technology knowledge system. They are regarded as the penetration and intersection of other technologies into the coating technology, which is conducive to the coating. Induction, classification and synthesis of technical knowledge systems.
6 Conclusion
On the basis of the research results of domestic coating technology experts, through the analysis and definition of basic concepts such as painting technology and painting process, the concept of coating technology knowledge system is introduced; according to the research on coating technology knowledge system, The five elements of painting technology, and pointed out that other technologies for the penetration and intersection of coating technology, is a secondary component of the coating technology knowledge system.
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