(a) Classification of paints and coatings
1. The classification of coatings is based on their main film-forming substances. The coatings are divided into 18 categories. In practice, we are often accustomed to dividing according to certain specific properties. For architectural coatings, they are usually divided into:
1) According to the shape of the coating: solid-state coatings, ie powder coatings; liquid coatings, ie solvent-based coatings; water-soluble coatings; emulsion paints;
2) According to the gloss classification of the coating: high-gloss or bright paint, mercerized or semi-shaped paint, matt or matt paint;
3) Classified by brushing area: interior wall paint, exterior wall paint, floor paint, roof paint, ceiling paint, etc.;
4) Classified according to coating coating status: flat coating, sand wall coating, decorative coating containing quartz sand, imitation stone coating, etc.;
5) According to the special performance categories of coatings: architectural coatings, anti-corrosion coatings, automotive coatings, anti-dew coatings, anti-rust coatings, waterproof coatings, moisturizing coatings, elastic coatings, etc.
2, the classification of paint
1) According to the site: wall paint, wood paint and metal paint. Wall paint, including exterior paint, interior wall paint and top paint, mainly latex paint and other varieties; wood paint mainly lacquer, polyurethane paint, etc.; metal paint is mainly enamel;
2) According to status: water-based paint and oil paint. Water-based paints are mainly latex paints, while paints such as salt paint and polyurethane paints are mostly oil paints;
3) According to the function points: waterproof paint, fireproof paint, anti-mold paint, anti-mosquito paint and multifunctional paint with multiple functions;
4) According to the form of action: volatile paint and non-volatile paint;
5) According to the surface effect points: transparent paint, translucent paint and opaque paint.
(b) Features
1. Coating refers to a liquid or powder material, which can be applied to the surface of the object through a specific construction process, after drying and curing to form a solid, continuous, solid coating with a certain strength. Things have protection, decoration or other special features:
1)Protective: Protect the objects from being attacked by harmful substances and extend the life of the objects to be coated.
2) Decorative: Make the object to be coated more beautiful;
3) Special functions such as fluorescent paint for signage, flame-retardant paint, anti-condensation paint and electrophoretic paint;
4) The performance of the paint can be divided into: the appearance of the open can of the paint, and the freezing and thawing at low temperature;
5) Construction methods and properties of paints: Brush coating, roller coating, spray coating, and leveling performance of construction touch;
6) coating appearance: such as gloss, fullness, color, delicate;
7) Drying time: dry time, hard dry time, recoating time, maintenance period;
8) Adhesion: adhesion to the substrate or to the old paint film;
9) Covering power: After the normal number of brushing passes, is it covered?
10) Mechanical: hardness, impact, flexibility;
11) Resistance: anti-ultraviolet radiation, chemical resistance, anti-wear, anti-water alkali, anti-fungal algae, etc.;
12) Persistence: whether it has long-term retention and color retention;
13) Storage stability: sedimentation tendency, viscosity stability, etc.
2. The main functions of the paint brand are decorative, protective, and special functions (such as fluorescent paints for signs, flame-retardant paints, anti-condensation paints, electrophoretic paints, etc.).
3, its characteristics are:
1) Anti-ultraviolet, anti-chemical, anti-wear, anti-alkali, anti-fungal algae, etc.;
2) Long-term retention of color and color retention;
3) Appearance luster, fullness, color, delicate, etc.
4) strong adhesion to the substrate or to the old paint film;
5) With hardness, impact and flexibility.
(3) Uses Coatings and paints For the object being applied, its first purpose is to protect the surface, and the second purpose is modification. In terms of wood products, due to the porous structure on the surface of wood products, it is not resistant to dirt. At the same time, the surface of wood products is more knotty, not beautiful. Paint paint can solve this problem at the same time.
(4) Factors to Consider When Purchasing Coatings
1. When purchasing paint, we must carefully look at the product's quality inspection report; observe whether there is any rust or leakage at the seam of the iron drum; pay attention to whether the clear mark on the drum is complete; for imported paint, the best choice is to have Chinese labeling and description of products; non-environmental paints, due to VOC, formaldehyde and other harmful substances exceeding the standard, most of them have a pungent odor, if you smell irritating odor at the time of purchase, then you need to be careful to choose. If there is a serious stratification of the paint, it indicates that the quality is poor; when the paint is gently stirred with a stick, the paint stays on the stick for a long time and the coverage is even, indicating that the quality is good; It's better to wash it off with clear water; the lighter the hand, the finer the better.
2. A simple method for estimating the amount of paint used: The room area (square meters) divided by four, the height of the wall to be painted (in decimeters) divided by four, the sum of the two is the number of kilograms of paint required. For example, a room with an area of ​​20 square meters and a wall height of 16 decimeters (except for 12-millimeter wall skirts), then, is (20÷4)+(16÷4)=9, ie 9 kg of paint can be painted on the wall two all over.
3, the environmental standards of paint products
1) Environmental protection indicators for interior wall decoration materials:
The project limit content of volatile organic compounds (VOC) (g/L) is less than 200
Free formaldehyde g/kg less than 0.1
Heavy metal soluble cadmium (mg/kg) less than 75
Soluble chromium (mg/kg) is less than 60
Soluble mercury (mg/kg) less than 60
Soluble lead (mg/kg) less than 90
2) Environmental indicators of interior decoration materials for solvent-based wood coatings:
Item Limit Value Nitro-lacquer polyurethane paint Alkyd paint Volatile organic compound (VOC)/(g/l) ≤750 Gloss(60°)≥80,600
Gloss(60°)≤80,700 ≤550
Benzene b/% ≤ 0.5
Toluene and xylene sum b/% ≤45 ≤40 ≤10
Free toluene diisocyanate (TDI) c/% — ≤0.7 —
Heavy Metal (Color Limit Paint) (mg/kg) Soluble Lead ≤ 90
Soluble cadmium ≤75
Soluble chromium ≤60
Soluble tribute ≤60
(V) Analysis of Construction Essentials and Common Problems
1, construction points
1) General knowledge of fire safety General paints are inflammable and explosive chemicals. Especially during the painting construction, a large amount of combustible gas can evaporate into the air and it is very prone to burning or explosion. Therefore, in the construction of coatings, the following issues must be noted:
1 to ensure air circulation and prevent the accumulation of solvent vapors;
2 prohibit any open flame, prohibit the use of open fire to bake or heat paint;
3 It is forbidden to wear chemical fiber clothing to the construction site to prevent static electricity sparks;
4 It is forbidden to perform other operations on the paint construction site, especially the operation of iron strikes and violent friction of articles.
2) Toxicity safety knowledge Most paints and coatings have some toxicity, so you must pay attention to the safety protection in the paint construction.
1 It is forbidden to enter the mouth with paint. In the eyes, problems must be washed with clean water and sent to the hospital for treatment;
2 It is forbidden to drink water or diet at the painting construction site;
3 to ensure the circulation of air to prevent the accumulation of solvent vapors;
4 If a large amount of solvent vapor is inhaled and symptoms of discomfort occur, they must quickly leave the site and breathe fresh air. After the symptoms have disappeared, the construction can be resumed.
3) Safety knowledge for working at heights When working at heights, necessary safety precautions must be taken. When carrying out paint construction on construction sites, helmets must be worn.
4) Construction Tips 1 Before construction, the surface must be clean, dry, and fully cured, except for dust, mildew and peeling paint. Fill nail holes, cracks, and smooth the surface to remove dust;
2 Cover surfaces that do not require painting. Paints should be mixed well before use and used according to the packing instructions;
3 First brush the corners, window frames and other parts, and then brush a large area of ​​the wall;
4 Use a brush, roller or gun. After each brushing, it needs to be dried for a certain period of time. Under normal circumstances, the water-based coating takes 4-6 hours, and the oil-based coating takes 24 hours to be applied the second time.
5 After the brushing is completed, use a solvent to clean the brushes, rollers, etc., and handle the excess paint.
6 The weathering requirements for exterior latex paint construction are that the air temperature is greater than 5°C and the humidity is less than 85%. In rainy days and windy days, construction should be avoided, otherwise the paint film will be washed away by rain or flushed.
2. Frequently Asked Questions Analysis Paint Causes Prevention Solutions Gloss Rise 1 Use matt paint at frequent movements;
2 frequent scrubbing;
3 objects across the wall;
4 The paint used has poor scrub resistance. 1 Use high-quality paint;
2 Select a half-light or high-gloss paint at frequent movements;
3 Use a soft cloth or abrasive to damage small items and clean water to clean the paint film surface. Select high-quality paint re-powdered 1 cryogenic construction;
2 excessive dilution;
3 coating is too thin;
4 do not use primer;
5 The substrate is loose. Select high-quality paint according to the construction method. Remove the powdered portion until a solid base is exposed and primed.
Cracking, peeling 1 use inferior paint;
2 excessive dilution or coating too thick;
3 improper surface treatment, such as putty is too thick, loose, poor durability;
4 Cracking of the paint film caused by the cracking of the substrate;
5 The paint is too hard or has become brittle due to aging. 1 Use high-quality paint;
2 Multi-layer spalling requires putty. Brush away loose materials, sand the surface, and grind the edges; use as little putty with a certain amount of persistence and water resistance.
Bubbling / Shrinkage 1 barrel excessive vibration;
2 It takes too long to use two different quality coatings or coatings;
3 roller coated too quickly;
4 roller hair is too long;
5 The paint is repeatedly rolled or brushed back and forth;
6 Roll coated light or matte finish on porous surface. 1 use high-quality paint;
2 Allow to stand for a period of time before brushing, so that the paint eliminates bubbles generated by dilution, stirring and vibration;
3 to avoid excessive repetitive roller or brush;
4 use short hair rollers;
5 Use a primer on the porous surface first. After grinding, recoating mildew 1 warm, damp, moist environment (bathroom, kitchen, laundry);
2 using alcohol ester or oil paint, or low-grade paint;
3 logs are not well treated;
4 The mold has not been cleared and painted. 1 Wipe off mildew with household disinfection bleach;
2 consider the installation of exhaust fans;
3 use high-quality latex paint.
Color deviation 1 The color brushed out with the roller is inconsistent with the brush;
2 Add color paste in white pulp that cannot be used for color mixing or use unsuitable color paste or the amount is not correct;
3 brushing dilution ratio is different. 1 to ensure that the brush and the roller brushing speed consistent;
2 Do not divide the whole room into brush and roller. Recoat poor hiding power 1 use low quality paint;
2 Use low-quality tools or rollers;
3 The wrong coloring of colorants and colors was used;
4 poor leveling;
5 excessive dilution to make the film too thin;
6 Substrate and finish color contrast is too great. 1 Use a primer before applying the top coat;
2 Use high-quality paint with strong hiding power and good flowability;
3 Use high-quality tools and recommended rollers;
4 If it is necessary to use organic colorants with poor hiding power, first use a primer. After polishing, repaint with the high-quality coating according to the construction instructions.
Poor stain resistance 1 inferior paint;
2 no primer;
3 Improper selection of paints; 1 Use of high-quality acrylic latex paint;
2 Brush the primer on the surface of the new wall; grind and repaint the paint with good stain resistance.
Roller brush mark 4 roller hair length improper choice;
5 use low quality paint;
6 use low quality roller;
7 roller use skills are not good. 3 Select the appropriate length of roller hair;
4 use high quality rollers;
5 Through practice, continue to improve roller coating skills. Smooth it and repaint it.
Surface condensation 1 The surface of the latex paint is cured by water-soluble substances, especially ceiling surfaces, especially those with high humidity;
2 All latex paints will exhibit the above tendency if they are painted on wet surfaces (bathrooms), especially ceiling surfaces. After applying the paint in the bathroom, the paint film should be thoroughly dried before the shower can be used. Rinse with soap and water and repaint it.
Cracking 1 Apply an overly brittle coating such as alkyd enamel on a more flexible coating like a latex primer;
2 The primer is not dry;
3 The natural aging of oil paints;
4 Walls are listed. Primer with primer, with high-quality paint. Scratch the old paint film, polish the surface and repaint it.
Blister 1 under direct sunlight or the substrate is hotter;
2 When the brush is applied, the substrate is wet;
3 Humidity escapes from the interior through the exterior wall;
4 exposed to high humidity environment;
5 It takes a few moments to dry after the film is dried. 1 Confirm that the substrate humidity is less than 10%;
2 Confirm the recoating time, according to the time required by the product;
3 In the hot summer weather, avoid construction at noon. Determine if blisters occur on the substrate, locate and remove the source, scrape blisters, and repaint.
The wrinkling of the coating film is too thick and the drying time of the wet film is not enough. The sudden high temperature accelerates drying. 1 thin coating;
2 Properly extend the time;
3 to prevent the wet film heating up too fast. The paint film is polished and recoated.
1. The classification of coatings is based on their main film-forming substances. The coatings are divided into 18 categories. In practice, we are often accustomed to dividing according to certain specific properties. For architectural coatings, they are usually divided into:
1) According to the shape of the coating: solid-state coatings, ie powder coatings; liquid coatings, ie solvent-based coatings; water-soluble coatings; emulsion paints;
2) According to the gloss classification of the coating: high-gloss or bright paint, mercerized or semi-shaped paint, matt or matt paint;
3) Classified by brushing area: interior wall paint, exterior wall paint, floor paint, roof paint, ceiling paint, etc.;
4) Classified according to coating coating status: flat coating, sand wall coating, decorative coating containing quartz sand, imitation stone coating, etc.;
5) According to the special performance categories of coatings: architectural coatings, anti-corrosion coatings, automotive coatings, anti-dew coatings, anti-rust coatings, waterproof coatings, moisturizing coatings, elastic coatings, etc.
2, the classification of paint
1) According to the site: wall paint, wood paint and metal paint. Wall paint, including exterior paint, interior wall paint and top paint, mainly latex paint and other varieties; wood paint mainly lacquer, polyurethane paint, etc.; metal paint is mainly enamel;
2) According to status: water-based paint and oil paint. Water-based paints are mainly latex paints, while paints such as salt paint and polyurethane paints are mostly oil paints;
3) According to the function points: waterproof paint, fireproof paint, anti-mold paint, anti-mosquito paint and multifunctional paint with multiple functions;
4) According to the form of action: volatile paint and non-volatile paint;
5) According to the surface effect points: transparent paint, translucent paint and opaque paint.
(b) Features
1. Coating refers to a liquid or powder material, which can be applied to the surface of the object through a specific construction process, after drying and curing to form a solid, continuous, solid coating with a certain strength. Things have protection, decoration or other special features:
1)Protective: Protect the objects from being attacked by harmful substances and extend the life of the objects to be coated.
2) Decorative: Make the object to be coated more beautiful;
3) Special functions such as fluorescent paint for signage, flame-retardant paint, anti-condensation paint and electrophoretic paint;
4) The performance of the paint can be divided into: the appearance of the open can of the paint, and the freezing and thawing at low temperature;
5) Construction methods and properties of paints: Brush coating, roller coating, spray coating, and leveling performance of construction touch;
6) coating appearance: such as gloss, fullness, color, delicate;
7) Drying time: dry time, hard dry time, recoating time, maintenance period;
8) Adhesion: adhesion to the substrate or to the old paint film;
9) Covering power: After the normal number of brushing passes, is it covered?
10) Mechanical: hardness, impact, flexibility;
11) Resistance: anti-ultraviolet radiation, chemical resistance, anti-wear, anti-water alkali, anti-fungal algae, etc.;
12) Persistence: whether it has long-term retention and color retention;
13) Storage stability: sedimentation tendency, viscosity stability, etc.
2. The main functions of the paint brand are decorative, protective, and special functions (such as fluorescent paints for signs, flame-retardant paints, anti-condensation paints, electrophoretic paints, etc.).
3, its characteristics are:
1) Anti-ultraviolet, anti-chemical, anti-wear, anti-alkali, anti-fungal algae, etc.;
2) Long-term retention of color and color retention;
3) Appearance luster, fullness, color, delicate, etc.
4) strong adhesion to the substrate or to the old paint film;
5) With hardness, impact and flexibility.
(3) Uses Coatings and paints For the object being applied, its first purpose is to protect the surface, and the second purpose is modification. In terms of wood products, due to the porous structure on the surface of wood products, it is not resistant to dirt. At the same time, the surface of wood products is more knotty, not beautiful. Paint paint can solve this problem at the same time.
(4) Factors to Consider When Purchasing Coatings
1. When purchasing paint, we must carefully look at the product's quality inspection report; observe whether there is any rust or leakage at the seam of the iron drum; pay attention to whether the clear mark on the drum is complete; for imported paint, the best choice is to have Chinese labeling and description of products; non-environmental paints, due to VOC, formaldehyde and other harmful substances exceeding the standard, most of them have a pungent odor, if you smell irritating odor at the time of purchase, then you need to be careful to choose. If there is a serious stratification of the paint, it indicates that the quality is poor; when the paint is gently stirred with a stick, the paint stays on the stick for a long time and the coverage is even, indicating that the quality is good; It's better to wash it off with clear water; the lighter the hand, the finer the better.
2. A simple method for estimating the amount of paint used: The room area (square meters) divided by four, the height of the wall to be painted (in decimeters) divided by four, the sum of the two is the number of kilograms of paint required. For example, a room with an area of ​​20 square meters and a wall height of 16 decimeters (except for 12-millimeter wall skirts), then, is (20÷4)+(16÷4)=9, ie 9 kg of paint can be painted on the wall two all over.
3, the environmental standards of paint products
1) Environmental protection indicators for interior wall decoration materials:
The project limit content of volatile organic compounds (VOC) (g/L) is less than 200
Free formaldehyde g/kg less than 0.1
Heavy metal soluble cadmium (mg/kg) less than 75
Soluble chromium (mg/kg) is less than 60
Soluble mercury (mg/kg) less than 60
Soluble lead (mg/kg) less than 90
2) Environmental indicators of interior decoration materials for solvent-based wood coatings:
Item Limit Value Nitro-lacquer polyurethane paint Alkyd paint Volatile organic compound (VOC)/(g/l) ≤750 Gloss(60°)≥80,600
Gloss(60°)≤80,700 ≤550
Benzene b/% ≤ 0.5
Toluene and xylene sum b/% ≤45 ≤40 ≤10
Free toluene diisocyanate (TDI) c/% — ≤0.7 —
Heavy Metal (Color Limit Paint) (mg/kg) Soluble Lead ≤ 90
Soluble cadmium ≤75
Soluble chromium ≤60
Soluble tribute ≤60
(V) Analysis of Construction Essentials and Common Problems
1, construction points
1) General knowledge of fire safety General paints are inflammable and explosive chemicals. Especially during the painting construction, a large amount of combustible gas can evaporate into the air and it is very prone to burning or explosion. Therefore, in the construction of coatings, the following issues must be noted:
1 to ensure air circulation and prevent the accumulation of solvent vapors;
2 prohibit any open flame, prohibit the use of open fire to bake or heat paint;
3 It is forbidden to wear chemical fiber clothing to the construction site to prevent static electricity sparks;
4 It is forbidden to perform other operations on the paint construction site, especially the operation of iron strikes and violent friction of articles.
2) Toxicity safety knowledge Most paints and coatings have some toxicity, so you must pay attention to the safety protection in the paint construction.
1 It is forbidden to enter the mouth with paint. In the eyes, problems must be washed with clean water and sent to the hospital for treatment;
2 It is forbidden to drink water or diet at the painting construction site;
3 to ensure the circulation of air to prevent the accumulation of solvent vapors;
4 If a large amount of solvent vapor is inhaled and symptoms of discomfort occur, they must quickly leave the site and breathe fresh air. After the symptoms have disappeared, the construction can be resumed.
3) Safety knowledge for working at heights When working at heights, necessary safety precautions must be taken. When carrying out paint construction on construction sites, helmets must be worn.
4) Construction Tips 1 Before construction, the surface must be clean, dry, and fully cured, except for dust, mildew and peeling paint. Fill nail holes, cracks, and smooth the surface to remove dust;
2 Cover surfaces that do not require painting. Paints should be mixed well before use and used according to the packing instructions;
3 First brush the corners, window frames and other parts, and then brush a large area of ​​the wall;
4 Use a brush, roller or gun. After each brushing, it needs to be dried for a certain period of time. Under normal circumstances, the water-based coating takes 4-6 hours, and the oil-based coating takes 24 hours to be applied the second time.
5 After the brushing is completed, use a solvent to clean the brushes, rollers, etc., and handle the excess paint.
6 The weathering requirements for exterior latex paint construction are that the air temperature is greater than 5°C and the humidity is less than 85%. In rainy days and windy days, construction should be avoided, otherwise the paint film will be washed away by rain or flushed.
2. Frequently Asked Questions Analysis Paint Causes Prevention Solutions Gloss Rise 1 Use matt paint at frequent movements;
2 frequent scrubbing;
3 objects across the wall;
4 The paint used has poor scrub resistance. 1 Use high-quality paint;
2 Select a half-light or high-gloss paint at frequent movements;
3 Use a soft cloth or abrasive to damage small items and clean water to clean the paint film surface. Select high-quality paint re-powdered 1 cryogenic construction;
2 excessive dilution;
3 coating is too thin;
4 do not use primer;
5 The substrate is loose. Select high-quality paint according to the construction method. Remove the powdered portion until a solid base is exposed and primed.
Cracking, peeling 1 use inferior paint;
2 excessive dilution or coating too thick;
3 improper surface treatment, such as putty is too thick, loose, poor durability;
4 Cracking of the paint film caused by the cracking of the substrate;
5 The paint is too hard or has become brittle due to aging. 1 Use high-quality paint;
2 Multi-layer spalling requires putty. Brush away loose materials, sand the surface, and grind the edges; use as little putty with a certain amount of persistence and water resistance.
Bubbling / Shrinkage 1 barrel excessive vibration;
2 It takes too long to use two different quality coatings or coatings;
3 roller coated too quickly;
4 roller hair is too long;
5 The paint is repeatedly rolled or brushed back and forth;
6 Roll coated light or matte finish on porous surface. 1 use high-quality paint;
2 Allow to stand for a period of time before brushing, so that the paint eliminates bubbles generated by dilution, stirring and vibration;
3 to avoid excessive repetitive roller or brush;
4 use short hair rollers;
5 Use a primer on the porous surface first. After grinding, recoating mildew 1 warm, damp, moist environment (bathroom, kitchen, laundry);
2 using alcohol ester or oil paint, or low-grade paint;
3 logs are not well treated;
4 The mold has not been cleared and painted. 1 Wipe off mildew with household disinfection bleach;
2 consider the installation of exhaust fans;
3 use high-quality latex paint.
Color deviation 1 The color brushed out with the roller is inconsistent with the brush;
2 Add color paste in white pulp that cannot be used for color mixing or use unsuitable color paste or the amount is not correct;
3 brushing dilution ratio is different. 1 to ensure that the brush and the roller brushing speed consistent;
2 Do not divide the whole room into brush and roller. Recoat poor hiding power 1 use low quality paint;
2 Use low-quality tools or rollers;
3 The wrong coloring of colorants and colors was used;
4 poor leveling;
5 excessive dilution to make the film too thin;
6 Substrate and finish color contrast is too great. 1 Use a primer before applying the top coat;
2 Use high-quality paint with strong hiding power and good flowability;
3 Use high-quality tools and recommended rollers;
4 If it is necessary to use organic colorants with poor hiding power, first use a primer. After polishing, repaint with the high-quality coating according to the construction instructions.
Poor stain resistance 1 inferior paint;
2 no primer;
3 Improper selection of paints; 1 Use of high-quality acrylic latex paint;
2 Brush the primer on the surface of the new wall; grind and repaint the paint with good stain resistance.
Roller brush mark 4 roller hair length improper choice;
5 use low quality paint;
6 use low quality roller;
7 roller use skills are not good. 3 Select the appropriate length of roller hair;
4 use high quality rollers;
5 Through practice, continue to improve roller coating skills. Smooth it and repaint it.
Surface condensation 1 The surface of the latex paint is cured by water-soluble substances, especially ceiling surfaces, especially those with high humidity;
2 All latex paints will exhibit the above tendency if they are painted on wet surfaces (bathrooms), especially ceiling surfaces. After applying the paint in the bathroom, the paint film should be thoroughly dried before the shower can be used. Rinse with soap and water and repaint it.
Cracking 1 Apply an overly brittle coating such as alkyd enamel on a more flexible coating like a latex primer;
2 The primer is not dry;
3 The natural aging of oil paints;
4 Walls are listed. Primer with primer, with high-quality paint. Scratch the old paint film, polish the surface and repaint it.
Blister 1 under direct sunlight or the substrate is hotter;
2 When the brush is applied, the substrate is wet;
3 Humidity escapes from the interior through the exterior wall;
4 exposed to high humidity environment;
5 It takes a few moments to dry after the film is dried. 1 Confirm that the substrate humidity is less than 10%;
2 Confirm the recoating time, according to the time required by the product;
3 In the hot summer weather, avoid construction at noon. Determine if blisters occur on the substrate, locate and remove the source, scrape blisters, and repaint.
The wrinkling of the coating film is too thick and the drying time of the wet film is not enough. The sudden high temperature accelerates drying. 1 thin coating;
2 Properly extend the time;
3 to prevent the wet film heating up too fast. The paint film is polished and recoated.
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