Lack of security? The development of private enterprises needs a reassurance

On the eve of the Spring Festival in 1980, an ordinary family in Xinjin County, Sichuan Province, 32-year-old male owner Liu Yongxing wanted to eat meat because of his 4-year-old son.
Thinking of not buying anything for his son in the end of the year, Liu Yongxing took a bite out of the tuition fee of two yuan that was originally returned to Chengdu Normal College after the festival. He bought a goose at the market and prepared to kill it. The son took the geese to the pond and played, the rope broke, the goose went, and found most of the county towns.
For the New Year, Liu Yongxing went to the market for the first time to set up a radio station. Two years later, under the call of the national science and technology agriculture, the four brothers decided to resign from public office and build a good chicken farm in the countryside.
Liu Yongxing's father, Liu Dazhao, joined the Communist Party in 1938 and later entered the Kuomintang as required by the organization. However, due to the sudden death of the single-line contact in 1941, this history became a "problem." The family has suffered in the "Cultural Revolution". Therefore, when Liu’s brothers started their business, they attached great importance to political correctness.
As it happens, in April 1982, the government decided to crack down on serious criminal activities in the economic field. The Central Discipline Inspection Commission sent 154 cadres at or above the bureau level to go to various places and directly participated in the investigation and handling of major cases. By the end of the year, there were more than 164,000 economic crime cases that were uncovered and filed for review in the country. Nearly 30,000 people were sentenced according to law, and more than 320 million yuan were recovered from the levy (including the shackles). In Wenzhou, the birthplace of the private economy, eight representative bosses, called the “Big King”, were regarded as major economic criminals, some were detained for custody, and some were “fear of sin”. Until the promulgation of Document No. 1 of the Central Committee in 1983, the rural economic policy was further relaxed, and the “eight kings” were acquitted, some were on bail pending trial, and they fled home.
Yuan Fanglie, who ordered the arrest of the "Big King" and later rehabilitated the "Big King", was the secretary of the Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee and later the president of the Zhejiang Higher People's Court. After more than ten years, he went to Wenzhou for a business trip. He talked with Zheng Yuanzhong, one of the “Big Eight”, for three hours. He said: “You gave me the most profound lesson in the initial reform.”
Back to the key moment of the Liu brothers' entrepreneurship. In order to ensure that it is not "taking the capitalist road" and not "pull the socialist hind legs", in the spring of 1983, Liu Yongxing's third brother ran to Xinjin County, found the county party secretary Zhong Guanglin, asked, resigned and returned to his hometown to start a business, "Would you like it?"
Zhong Guanglin said, "There is no problem with the blind!" He added a condition - "You have to bring up 10 professional households." Entrepreneurship was very difficult and very successful. The Liu brothers also insisted on a principle at the beginning. "On the front door, you will never pay bribes."
Despite the positive end of the line, new problems emerged in the crisis of private companies around 1990.
In the governance rectification that began in 1988, the government clearly stipulated that individual industrial and commercial households and private enterprises could not operate 41 important production materials and 36 kinds of tight and durable consumer goods, which narrowed their business scope; the government increased the intensity of rectification of the company, strictly The approval of the company has made the market access of the individual and private economy difficult; compared with the state-owned collective enterprises, the difficulty of private enterprise loans has also increased. In 1988, the interest rate of collective commercial enterprises for three months or more was 7.92%, private enterprises. 8.7%, but also provide guarantee; "No. 9" in 1989 pointed out that there are exploitation in the private economy, private entrepreneurs can not join the party; in the national tax inspection, some individual businesses, private enterprises are overweight Punishment, the masses said that they were "wearing flowers in the first half of the year and bringing shackles in the second half of the year"; all kinds of arbitrary charges, random apportionment, and fines directly increased the burden of individual private industry and commerce.
In 1988, the number of urban and rural individual industrial and commercial households nationwide reached 14.527 million, down 14.15% in 1999; in 1989, individual industrial and commercial households closed down to 3.196 million; in the end of 1988, there were 225,000 private enterprises registered in the industrial and commercial sector, which declined in 1990. It is less than 100,000 households.
Around 1990, the competitors of the Hope Feed Company founded by the Liu brothers and the state-owned feed mill posted a big slogan of "Resolutely adhering to the socialist direction." The tax bureau went to "hope" to check taxes, and others said that more than 100 employees were exploited and should be turned off. In fact, the "Provisional Regulations for Private Enterprises", which came into effect on July 1, 1988, has made it clear that "private enterprises refer to for-profit economic organizations whose assets are privately owned and employ more than eight employees." Legal rights."
Due to the pressure, in early 1990, the Liu brothers signed a donation book after deliberation, and gave it to the county party secretary Zhong Guanglin. The company that has accumulated 20 million assets in seven or eight years will donate to the country without compensation. Zhong Guanglin said: "The feed mill is a good company that you started with. I don't think anyone can take it. The country will not protect such a company. As for your concerns and demands, I am not alone. We can do it. To have a meeting, the county party committee and county government will give you a clear answer."
This situation does not only happen in Sichuan. In 1989, Li Shufu, the 26-year-old multi-millionaire director of the Arctic Flower Refrigerator Factory in Huangyan County, Zhejiang Province, suddenly felt the taste of “everyone shouting”. In June 1989, the government implemented fixed-point production of the refrigerator industry. The private background and the “Arctic Flower” wearing the “red hat” of township enterprises were not included in the fixed-point list. Li Shufu panicked and hurriedly donated the refrigerator factory with annual sales of more than 40 million yuan to the township government. One person went to Shenzhen to study. In Yixing, Jiangsu Province, Jiang Xipei of the “Far East Cable” was also scared. He found the government and sent his own business. In Guangdong and Fujian, many private business owners have chosen to bring their money overseas.
Beginning in the second half of 1990, with the adjustment of policies, the individual and private economy began to recover. The speech of celebrating the 40th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China proposed that at the present stage of China, the development of the individual economy and the private economy subordinate to the socialist economy has an important and indispensable role in developing social production, facilitating people's lives, and expanding employment. On April 15, 1991, the Second National Congress of Individual Workers proposed: "You can tell everyone that you are not a third-class citizen. The individual economy is not developing much, but it is not enough. It is necessary to encourage the proper development of the individual and the private economy. In 1991, the government issued the "Decision on Resolutely Stopping Unlawful Charges, Arbitrary Fines, and Various Apportionments," requiring all localities to take effective measures to resolutely stop the chaos that seriously affects the development of the private and private economy.
The Liu brothers can't forget the last reply given to them by Zhong Guanglin in 1990: "The country does not lack this money, and the state-owned enterprises are very rich. The enterprises you set up are still owned by you and run by you. I hope the feed company is You can manage better and give more value to the country than in the hands of the country. It is more beneficial to the country and the people." They took a reassurance and walked on the road. The four brothers blossomed four times and bloomed infinitely wonderful.
Liu Yongxing's four brothers, three college students and one secondary school student, who were immersed in strict tutoring, worked in Chengdu 906 Factory Computer Institute, Xinjin County Education Bureau, Xinjin County Agriculture Bureau and Sichuan Machinery Industry Management Cadre School before starting their business. At the time, the quality of such entrepreneurs was very high. They have continued to develop to this day, and they are inseparable from their own quality and family education norms.
There are thousands of entrepreneurs, some cultural qualities are not high enough, can you give them a reassurance? The most famous example in this regard is the founder of the "stupid melon seeds" and the year-old Guangjiu, which is known as "the first Chinese trader". It is the county party secretary who gave the Liu brothers a reassurance. Deng Xiaoping, the chief architect of the reform and opening up, was given the reassurance of the year.
Born in 1937, Anhui Huaiyuan people, with their fathers fleeing before the liberation to go to Wuhu to settle down. The father set up a stall to manage the fruit. The year-round Guangjiu also used a scale pole on his shoulders, hawking on the street, and supporting the stalls after his father’s death. Because of the insistence on buying after buying, not satisfied with the money, even enough scales, and still get an apple to the customer, the neighbors have said that he is "stupid" and called him "little fool."
In the 1960s, the long-standing fruit stalls were cut off as "capitalism tails." He also sold chestnuts and was inspected by "strike the speculative office." In 1963, he was sentenced to one year in prison for speculating. In 1972, I met a small fruity year. I learned how to stir-fried melon seeds. I sneaked on it. I started to fry at 7 or 8 o'clock every night. I went to bed at the early morning of the next day. I got up again at 7 o'clock to subcontract melon seeds. At noon, people go out to secretly sell when they get off work. Pack it in the afternoon and sell it again after work.
After the reform and opening up, Xiaoguangjiu’s small workshop quickly developed into a factory of more than 100 people. He became one of the earliest millionaires. He was rumored to be “the banknotes were so moldy that he was drying his banknotes in his yard. ". Before the Lunar New Year in 1980, the Wuhu City Administration for Industry and Commerce was prepared to arrest him because he was “taking the capitalist road”. Fortunately, Hu Tan, the deputy governor in charge of finance and trade, went to Wuhu to inspect and said, “The year is coming soon, don’t engage in small business hawkers. I have to cry and cry, and the New Year is not stable."
Zhou Yili, then the director of the Anhui Provincial Agriculture Committee, received a report from the Wuhu Agricultural Committee, sent a person to investigate, and the report was handed over to Du Runsheng, director of the National Agricultural Committee, and he presented it to Deng Xiaoping. Deng Xiaoping said: "These problems have just begun. Let us not rush. Don't rush to draw a conclusion and look at it." "There are just a few people who engage in capitalism and then pull him back." So the government took "not suitable for the private economy." Advocate, don't publicize propaganda, and don't rush to ban "observation attitude."
At the end of 1983, the problem of exploitation of employees was widely reflected in the above. The Anhui Provincial Party Committee wrote a report and reported it to the Central Committee. On October 22, 1984, Deng Xiaoping pointed out at the third plenary meeting of the Central Advisory Committee: "The problem of the hired worker was quite shocked a while ago. Everyone was worried. I mean to watch it for two years. That can Does it affect the overall situation? If you move, the masses say that the policy has changed, and the people are uneasy. Let the 'stupid melons' run for a period of time, what are they afraid of? Have they hurt socialism?"
At that time, in the competition with the state-owned melon seeds, the annual Guangjiu adopted a price reduction method. His logic is that after the price cut, the business is good, and the stove can be kept on fire. If you don't fry for ten days and eight days, coal will be wasted. The business is good, the workers are working every day, and the enthusiasm is high. He said to the media: "How much do I earn every day, don't make a lot of money, I don't know?"
Before the Spring Festival in 1986, the "stupid melon seeds" took the lead in the country to win prize sales, and a Shanghai brand sedan was the first prize. On the 5th of February, only the sales volume in the Wuhu market was 60,000 kilograms. The flow of goods is endless. However, on March 6th, the government staff went to the office of the year Guangujiu and put a document entitled “Prohibition of the sale of defective goods by name-for-sales promotion” in front of him. The year-to-year was unprepared and suffered heavy losses. At the end of 1987, He was filed for investigation on suspicion of corruption.
"The factory is invested by me. The money in the accounts is mine. Where is the corruption?" The actual reason is that in 1984, the year of Guangjiu proposed to the industry and commerce department to be a collective or legally legal business. The unit of the ability to unite, "wearing a red hat", but later the relationship is not harmonious, not happy. "The joint venture failed, the social impact is not good, and someone needs to take this responsibility!"
Years of Guangjiu was detained for nearly three years, and the crime of corruption could not be established. In 1991, he was sentenced to three years in prison for hooliganism and suspended for three years.
In the beginning of 1992, Deng Xiaoping’s southern talks once again talked about “stupid melon seeds.” In the early days of rural reform, Anhui had a problem of 'stupid melon seeds.' At that time, many people were uncomfortable, saying that he earned 1 million yuan and advocated moving him. If you can't move, people will say that the policy has changed, and it won't pay for it." After that, he returned to the rivers and lakes for a long time.
Jin Tingbai, a former secretary of the Wuhu Municipal Party Committee, said that the year Guangjiu is a "smart self-employed, lame entrepreneur." He was indispensable in the early days of reform, and he was an innovation. He dared to take risks and dare to take risks. The bigger. As an individual workshop, he has done his best. However, he also has his limitations. "The limitations of culture determine the limitations of his legal concept, so he will go to jail, he is not good at using law to protect himself; on the other hand, his modern corporate consciousness, corporate governance There is no structural awareness. The melon seeds are inflated to millions and tens of millions of kilograms. They flow to the whole country. Many cooperative factories have been established in various places and a base has been established. In this case, he cannot control this situation."
As the most famous self-employed person in China, the year Guangjiu was protected by Deng Xiaoping three times. He said, "People's fate depends on policies and policies, and my fate is still good." "Strong self-employed individuals can save the market, the economy is invigorated, the currency is coming fast, and the country is prosperous and developing." Interestingly, he thinks that "socialism is in the self-employed households" because "you go to the big restaurant to eat vegetables, the little master is fried; you go to the small restaurant to eat vegetables, it is the teacher's fried, watching is not good, but the dishes are refreshing. The price is cheap, the quality is good. You go to the state-run restaurant to eat, expensive and not delicious. The state-run is a big pot of rice. Private is to seek life, look at the brand, in order to do a good job of life. (self-employed) he has no backing. The state-owned The government is backed up."
The understanding of the year of Guangjiu may not be accurate, but he said that the principle is that socialism (also) is in the self-employed. Individual households are also part of socialism. Leaders of state-owned enterprises must reform and innovate, break old ideas and old mechanisms, and of course they need to take reassurance (such as Buxinsheng and Ma Shengli), but state-owned enterprises themselves do not need to consider correctness; private enterprises and private enterprises must have long-term stability, not only enterprises. The Lord itself cannot make big problems. The form of ownership must be politically affirmed, the equal rights of the economy, and the recognition of society are not overnight.
There is no originality and persistence that began with Deng Xiaoping. There will be no vitality brought to China by the "two unwavering".
Last week in Shanghai, I talked with a founder of a private enterprise. They serve the energy industry and are the technology and service providers in the field of marine engineering. The country also attaches great importance to it. He said that he wanted to hand over the business to the country and wrote letters to the leaders. I said, I guess the leader’s answer is that leaving the business in your hands can create greater efficiency and value and have a greater impact on the country. he said yes.
Why is there such a sense of uneasiness in such a good private enterprise? Different private enterprises have different situations. Specific to this enterprise, the pressure of the founders is mainly to deal with state-owned enterprises. It seems that state-owned enterprises are doing things for the state, private enterprises are making money for private individuals; wealth is too conspicuous to discuss; not knowing that wealth is in the enterprise. How to allocate it reasonably, and so on.
It was this exchange that prompted me to think about the problem of reassurance. When the non-public economy has developed to such a scale and many entrepreneurs have accumulated enormous wealth, if they still have uneasiness, doubts, and anxiety in their hearts, this is a challenge that must be faced.
The central government stressed that "the whole party must firmly grasp the greatest national condition of the primary stage of socialism, firmly base itself on the greatest reality of the primary stage of socialism, and more accurately grasp the changing characteristics of China's primary stage of socialism."
What is the main contradiction in the primary stage? It is the contradiction between the growing material and cultural needs of the people and the backward social production.
What is the basic line of the party? It is "a center, two basic points."
How to grasp the changing characteristics of the primary stage? It is necessary to "while continuing to promote economic development, better solve various problems arising in our society, better realize the all-round development of all undertakings, better develop the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and better promote the all-round development of people and society. progress".
It can be seen from the above that China's basic problems are still development problems. The new phased features are not to develop, but to develop better and develop more comprehensively. According to the new concept of "innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing" development of. As long as it conforms to such a direction, as long as it is "clean and self-satisfied, take the right path, do the law-abiding business, and operate in a bright and honest manner", what can be worried about taking the road to health?
Specific to private enterprises, last year’s National People’s Congress, when the central leadership visited the members of the Civilian Construction and Industry and Commerce Federation, they emphasized that “three have not changed”. “The status and role of the non-public economy in China’s economic and social development has not changed. We encourage The policies and policies that support and guide the development of the non-public economy have not changed. Our policy of creating a good environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public economy has not changed." People's Daily reported on March 5 last year's commentator's article "The non-public economy has created more than 60% of GDP, more than 80% of social employment, more than 65% of fixed-asset investment, and more than 67% of foreign direct investment. In the face of such achievements, what are the reasons to change? Current policy?"
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Everyone needs a reassurance. Dingxin Pills are not obtained by any background or color. As long as they support the party's basic line, operate with integrity, and abide by the law, everyone should live a peaceful life, work hard, and sleep well.
From an economic point of view, to achieve a great rejuvenation, China must rely on enterprises to continuously improve efficiency, improve innovation capabilities, and increase labor productivity. Only by insisting on the coexistence and competition of multiple ownership systems, adhering to the marketization, modernization direction, and improving the incentive system such as property rights protection can we ensure that enterprises have the motivation and pressure to continuously improve the efficiency of resource allocation, so that the Chinese economy is not only large in scale, but also Strong competitiveness.
From the entrepreneur's point of view, the reassurance comes from both the big environment and both. In 2014, Guo Guangchang published an article in the magazine "China Entrepreneur", "Man Needs to Believe Something", and talked about his views on the development of private enterprises from both external and internal perspectives.
On the one hand, "you have to believe that this business as long as you have not made mistakes, there is no chaos, the government will not whole you. Many people do not believe this, we believe. Many people told me that the company is doing well, the government It’s very easy to kill you. It’s very easy for you to die. I asked him a word, I did a good job, why did the government let me die? This is inconsistent with the values ​​of reform and opening up. So from the big direction, I am I believe that China's future economy is optimistic, and second, it believes in the party's reform and opening up policy."
The second aspect, "For your own business, no matter what people say, you should be clear about your company's health and health: Do you have cancer? If you have cancer, do you say that the medical examination can help? Can chemotherapy help? You can't help you. You have done something you shouldn't do before, you shouldn't have a decision, you are destined to die, and sometimes the death period is delayed."
It can be seen that the reassurance of private enterprises depends on the concern and support from the government to the society. On the one hand, it also requires the efforts of the enterprises themselves, and they are physically strong. Guo Guangchang said at the time: "A lot of things at the skill level are very good, but if you are mistaken in basic values ​​and principles, this is cancer, which can't be saved."
God helps those who help themselves. Tianzhu is to say that our entire society must believe in the dynamics contained in everyone's heart. I believe that through the rule of law, the people's well-being will be greatly improved, and will always go forward and never waver; self-help is to say Every economic entity, regardless of its type, can abide by integrity, self-improvement, fair competition, and survival of the fittest. Everyone's reassurance is based on the optimization of the external environment and system, but also in their own hands.
(The author of this article: The founder of the Commercial Civilization Alliance, the founder of the Qin dynasty circle of friends, and the editor-in-chief of the original "First Financial Daily".)

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