"Bailu early, cold dew is late, autumn is the same as wheat." This farmhouse was the motto of the production activities of farmers in northern China for thousands of years. However, with the global warming, the sowing time of northern winter wheat has now become "the cold dew is just at the time."
At present, the treatment of wheat before planting has become a technology widely practiced in various places. Recently, the news of the urgent recall of the wheat seed coating agent due to the risk of phytotoxicity has once again brought about the safe use of wheat seed coating. The issue of risk mitigation is placed in front of wheat growers. In response to this incident, the author wants to systematically analyze how seed treatment technology and seed coating agent use to avoid the risk of phytotoxicity, for farmers' reference.
1 one of the highest pesticide utilization methods
Seeds often carry fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, etc., causing blight, stagnation, root-knot nematode disease, etc. at the seedling stage after sowing; in addition, seeds are also subjected to mites, mites, golden worms, etc. after sowing. Underground pest damage. Therefore, for the whole process of plant health considerations, the seeds need to be treated, for example, seed dressing, soaking, and coating. The main characteristics of seed treatment are economic, provincial medicine, labor saving, high utilization rate of pesticides, safe operation, treatment of seeds with a small amount of chemicals, so that seeds can be sown on the surface to prevent seed damage; some drugs with strong systemic ability can enter The plant remains in the body for a long time after the seedlings are unearthed.
The seed treatment in the modern sense is completely different from the traditional dressing, soaking or suffocating of the medicaments. Instead, the seeds are mixed, coated or made with special seed treatment agents in the process of seed production and processing. Pills, etc., to standardize and commercialize seeds. Seed treatment has become an indispensable technical means for the harvest of modern agriculture. Seed treatment can effectively control the damage of pests during seed germination and seedling growth, promote seed germination and seedling growth, improve seedling vigor and stress resistance, and achieve the purpose of increasing yield.
The treatment of seeds is one of the pesticide application methods with the highest pesticide utilization rate. On the one hand, it concentrates on the application of seeds, so that the medicament can be utilized to the utmost extent, reducing the waste of the medicament and the pollution to the environment; on the other hand, it is precisely because the medicament is concentrated around the seeds, and the seeds are germinated and sprouted. During the sensitive growth period, the damage that the pesticide may cause to the seed must be strictly controlled.
There are more than 1,000 species of diseases transmitted in China, and the pathogens include bacteria, fungi, viruses and nematodes. These pathogens can parasitize, multiply and spread with seeds, some cause seed disease, and some infect seedlings or plants. There are more than 60 kinds of underground pests that can cause serious damage to seedlings, among which cockroaches, crickets, tigers, golden worms and root lice are the most serious. These pests are heterozygous and widely distributed, which not only damage the underground parts such as seeds and roots, but also harm the tender stems close to the ground. The common feature of species-borne diseases and underground pests is latent damage, which is difficult to detect in time; the damage period is long and the prevention and control is difficult. Therefore, pharmaceutical treatment has gradually developed into an important technology for seed treatment.
2 seed coating is very different from seed dressing
The chemical treatment technology of seeds is rapidly spreading in western developed countries. At present, the chemical treatment technology of seeds in China is still relatively backward. In most areas, traditional manual seed dressing or soaking methods are still used. The quality of pharmaceutical treatment is poor and many unsafe factors are brought about. The seed coating technology that reflects the technical level of seed drug treatment is relatively late in China, and the key technical problems of drug film formation have not been solved very well. Therefore, the development potential of seed standardization and commercialization in China is still very large.
Seed coating technology is an important measure for modernization of seed processing and standardization of seed quality in many countries around the world. Seed coating research started late compared to traditional seed treatment techniques. China has been widely used in various crops such as corn, cotton, rice, vegetables, soybeans and peanuts, and has achieved remarkable economic, social and ecological benefits.
However, seed coating technology is different from traditional other seed treatment technology. It is a complex serialization process involving multi-disciplinary and multi-factors. It has different requirements for seeds, pharmaceuticals, equipment and processing. Affected by traditional habits, people often confuse seed coatings with seed dressings. For seed coatings, the seeds must be coated with a proprietary pesticide formulation, ie a seed coating. The seed coating agent is prepared by a specific processing technology, such as a pesticide raw material , a fertilizer, a growth regulator, a film forming agent and an auxiliary auxiliary agent, and can be coated on the surface of the seed directly or diluted to form a certain strength and permeability protection. The pesticide dosage form of the membrane.
In addition to the general requirements for pesticide formulations, seed coatings that meet quality standards must have special technical properties such as rapid cure film formation, low dropout rate, high uniformity, and low viscosity. However, the traditional seed dressings are completely different. The special dressings for the seed dressings are not required. The conventional emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, suspending agents, etc. can be mixed after being diluted with water, and, in addition, with the four special indexes of the aforementioned seed coating agents. Compared with pesticide seed dressing, film formation is not required, and there is no special requirement for the drug drop rate. The emphasis is on the treatment of the seed surface, similar to the seed surface disinfection. In modern agricultural plant protection measures, seed dressing is gradually being replaced by seed coating.
3 saving labor and medicine, environmental protection and efficiency
Targeted strong seed coating is a very targeted application. During the coating operation, the applied object is the surface of the seed and is limited to the surface of the seed to be treated. The coated seeds have a film on the surface. After being sown in the soil, the agent in the surface film will gradually spread to the soil, forming a protective zone or protective band around the seed, and many active ingredients for seed treatment have certain inner Suction, can enter the interior of seeds or seedlings, so seed treatment can provide protection from the inside to the outside of the seed and part of the seedlings.
In terms of economy, the area required for spraying on one hectare of land requires more than 10,000 square meters, while the surface area of ​​seeded seeds on one hectare is about 60 square meters. After the application treatment, the deposition rate of the spray treatment agent on the surface of the crop is only about 30%, and as required, more than 90% of the agent after coating is coated on the surface of the seed.
Environmentally friendly, safe seed coating for operators is suitable for both industrial and large-scale coatings. Whether it is industrial large-scale production or home manual coating, its operating environment is controllable, can avoid weather effects, no chemical drift during operation, and can minimize the direct contact between the agent and the human body, so it is relatively safe.
The environment is compatible, and the natural coated seeds are buried under the surface after being sown, which is a concealed application. The natural enemies of the insects have less chance of contact with the coated agents, thus greatly reducing the exposure risk of the natural enemies of the insects.
Further, since the coating agent has a function as a film-forming agent or the like, the agent is present on the surface of the seed and the soil around the seed, which greatly reduces the risk of chemical contamination.
When the hand-coating is efficient and labor-saving, the seeds required for one mu of land can be coated in a few minutes, while the seeds processed per hour in the large-scale coating of the factory are in tons, so the work efficiency is greatly high. Traditional application methods such as spray application.
In addition, systemic infections that occur in the early stages of early infection must be controlled by seed coating. The black ear of corn is typical, and the corn can be infested from seed germination to 5 leaf stage, but the most suitable period is the seed germination stage, and the obvious black ear symptoms are expressed after heading. If it is too late to carry out the chemical control after the symptoms of black ear, it is difficult to achieve the desired control effect, and the use of seed coating is more feasible.
4 easy to produce phytotoxicity late control effect
However, seed coating also has two significant disadvantages: poor control of pests and diseases in the middle and late stages of crop growth. The reason is that the occurrence period of pests and diseases in the middle and late stages is relatively long from the sowing period, the natural decomposition of the chemicals in the environment, and the biomass in the middle and late stages of crop growth is too large, so that the concentration of active ingredients distributed in the crops is relatively low, The crop itself is biologically diluted.
However, this shortcoming has been solved to some extent with the development of high activity long-lasting drug. The imidacloprid seed coating wheat coating is a typical example of the control of aphids at the earing stage. In October 2011, the author used 600 g/L imidacloprid suspension seed coating agent to coat and sow wheat seeds at a ratio of 1:200, 1:300, 1:400 in Henan Xinxiang. Mid-May 2012 mid-April wheat aphid At the peak of the population density survey, it was found that there were only 2 to 4 aphids per wheat ear at a ratio of 1:200, and 130 to 140 aphids per wheat ear in the control treatment area. The prevention and control of aphids in wheat ear by seed coating can be said to be a fundamental change in the control of aphids in wheat ear, and this measure has been widely welcomed by farmers today in the absence of rural labor and rising labor costs. The successful application of imidacloprid seed coating on wheat has played a very good role in promoting the vigorous development of the current seed coating market.
Seed coating is prone to phytotoxicity. The impact of seeds on the external environment during the germination phase is very sensitive. The seed coating agent is often used without dilution or after being diluted at a low multiple. The active ingredients, auxiliaries and impurities coated on the surface of the seed may cause stress to the seed and the newly germinated seedling, thereby causing phytotoxicity. In agricultural production, triazole fungicides , which are widely used and prone to phytotoxicity, have been medicated on wheat, corn and peanuts.
5 to strictly and accurately measure the application of drugs
Seed coating agents generally consist of pesticides, solvents, auxiliaries, film-forming agents, etc. The sources of seed medicinal damage caused by seed coating agents are mainly three aspects: one is the original pesticide, and the other is used in the preparation of seed coating. Organic solvents, three are surfactants.
In general, the active ingredient of the original pesticide is the most important source of phytotoxicity, such as triazole bactericides such as tebuconazole, triazolone, and difenoconazole, which are commonly used in wheat seed coatings. In addition to good bactericidal activity, the azole fungicide itself has plant growth regulating activity, that is, it promotes plant growth under low dose conditions, and significantly inhibits plant growth under high dose conditions, so the seed coating agent is effective for pesticides in preparation. There are strict requirements on the content of ingredients and the ratio of drugs used. For example, coating wheat seeds with a solution of tebuconazole is generally recommended to use 3 to 4 grams of tebuconazole per 100 kilograms of wheat seeds. Once the active ingredient of tebuconazole is more than 12 grams, the wheat seed germination is significantly inhibited. Seedling growth. If an excessive amount of tebuconazole is added to the production of the enterprise, or if the ratio of the drug is wrong in the case of the grower, the excessive use of the seed coating agent will cause a serious phytotoxicity accident. Other agents such as triadimefon, hexaconazole, and the like all have similar problems when formulated.
On the other hand, some seed coating agents also use organic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and xylene in the preparation, and when these organic solvents exceed a certain concentration, they also have an inhibitory effect on seed germination. Therefore, the formulation of the coating agent formula is a scientific research work with strong scientific research. The processing and production of the seed coating agent is also a strict process of standardization. The use of the seed coating agent is a scientific process of precise metering and application.
Of course, there are many risk factors for seed coatings. In addition to the factors of seed coating itself, crop varieties, low temperature weather, soil conditions, and sowing depth are all related to the emergence of seedlings after sowing. The author cannot analyze this. The author only wants to remind the majority of wheat growers to choose to use wheat seed coating agents, first of all to buy the "three certificates" (pesticide registration certificate number, implementation standard number and production approval certificate) produced by the formal enterprise. Seed coating agent, and must keep the purchase invoice, once the drug is not good or there is a drug accident, you can use the purchase invoice to report to the local industry and commerce bureau, the Agriculture Bureau or the consumer association; second, you must carefully read the purchase The instructions for the seed coating agent are strictly in accordance with the recommended dosage and method of use in the product specification. Do not increase the dosage arbitrarily, so that scientific and rational use can effectively avoid the occurrence of phytotoxicity of the seed coating agent.
More pesticide knowledge , please pay attention to China Pesticide Network
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