The conclusions and observations of this article are derived from a lighting demonstration project that belongs to the United States Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY demonstration project. This article describes the process and results of a solid-state lighting (SSL) exhibit in the BPA Hall in Portland, Oregon, USA. BPA is the Federal Electric Power Marketing Agency in the Northwestern United States. This time, it is used as an important role to prove that high-efficiency LED retrofit solutions can not only reduce the electricity consumption of their customers, but also serve as a powerful alternative to traditional lighting products, such as BPA. Illumination of historical artwork in the hall.
In 2001, BPA used an art projection lamp replacement as an energy project to replace PAR38 halogen lamps with 15W and 23W compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). GATEWAY demonstrated the optical performance of CREE's PAR3812W LED lamps and two types of CFLs, such as light intensity, power, energy consumption, and lifetime. Although the CFL emits more light than the Corei PAR3812W LED, the LED light distribution is narrower, reducing the intensity of the wall above the artwork and concentrating light on the artwork. And, compared to 23WPAR38 and 15WR30CFL, LED can increase the vertical illumination contrast between artwork and wall.
The goals of the GATEWAY project include improving the visibility of the hall artwork, showing the lighting quality of the work, and the appearance of the lighting of the new LED replacement lamp. At the same time, BPA is also concerned about the energy and cost saving potential of this new technology, and in cooperation with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), reports on the lighting performance before and after the retrofit of the lamps.
First, the comparison of LED lamp and CFL display effect Table 1 shows the comparison of the characteristics between CFLs and LED lamps. Two different types of CFL lamps are installed in different locations in the hall. Both fluorescent lamps have divergence angles above 110°, while Cree LEDs are only 18°. The optical density of the LED product center beam is significantly higher than that of a fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent lamp is about 300, and the LED reaches 4465, which allows the LED lamp to concentrate more light in the local area.
The spectrum of the CFL is weaker in the long wavelength red range, and it looks yellowish green compared to halogen or LED lamps. Cree LED can provide better luminous quality and, like the halogen incandescent lamp spectrum, has a high color rendering index. In terms of the color rendering index, the two CFLs have a display index of 82, and the second Cree LED reaches 93, because the Cree LED lamps have more energy distribution in the long-wavelength red spectral region.
The three lamps are similar in terms of power and light efficiency, so the highlight of Cree LED applications is not energy saving and high brightness. In fact, the full lumen output of the Cree LED is only a little more than half that of the 23W compact fluorescent lamp. Its advantage lies in the ability to focus the light beam in a small cone, which is particularly suitable for local lighting. Cree LED lights emit less light in large angle areas.
When considering the use of local lighting for comparison of luminaires, the central beam candela value and the full spectrum distribution of the luminaire are much more important than the pure light flux or light efficiency.
In short, Cree LED lights can increase the contrast between the artwork and the surrounding wall, making the color of the artwork look more distinct. Table 2 briefly illustrates the different lighting conditions caused by different lamps. In the wall above the artwork, compared with the 23W fluorescent lamp, the average vertical illumination of the Cree LED is reduced because it concentrates more light on the surface of the artwork. From the contrast can be analyzed, CFL is only 0.5, and the contrast of the LED lamp reaches 1.9, which greatly enhanced the lighting effect of the artwork.
Second, the comparison and analysis of the cost of lamps and lanterns The new LED lamp has a higher purchase cost, but these excess charges can theoretically be offset by its lower power consumption and maintenance costs.
In this retrofit project, the LED replacement lamps all work on an automatic control circuit. They work 12 hours a day, 5 days a week, and a total of 52 weeks (3120 hours/year). The effective life of LEDPAR38 is 50,000 hours. According to the above, the equivalent is 16 years. The average life span of the two fluorescent lamps is 8000 hours, which is equivalent to 2 years and 6 months.
In the United States, there is a large gap between the prices of commercial electricity in different states or different regions. The average retail price given by the United States in April 2011 was about 0.1$/KWh, and the price range was from the highest of 0.284$/KWh in Hawaii to the lowest value of 0.0695$/KWh in Utah. In general, LED products are economically able to withstand high electricity tariffs because the energy savings they bring are sufficient to compensate for their own high sales prices.
The annual replacement cost of the Bonneville Power Bureau CFLR30 lamp is approximately $424.69, and the CFLPar38 is $537.26, which includes labor costs. In the same situation, the new LED lamp replacement costs about 275.56$ per year. However, LED lights will not be damaged or need to be maintained during the 16-year life cycle.
Third, the selection of lighting experience summary For local lighting, not only need to compare the product's luminous flux and power, but also need to focus on measuring its light distribution characteristics. In the use of projection lamps in the lobby of the Bonapart Power headquarters, fluorescent lamps have reduced the loss of electrical power to a great extent compared to PAR38 halogen lamps, but the light distribution effect has failed to reach the standard. The LED light solves this problem very well, because it has a small divergence of light, so that the lighting effect of the artwork itself is much better than the surrounding wall. When considering the choice of lamps and lanterns, such as the launch angle and the central emission optical density and other factors, should be used together with the luminous flux, power as a test index.
LED replacement lamps may not be considered as a value-for-money lamp compared to other high-efficiency light sources (such as CFL), but this is not the key to replacement. The economic rate of return is only partially dependent on the difference in power between the current system and the replacement system. Although fluorescent lamps are very energy-efficient, LEDs need more time to reflect their economic value. The CFL cannot focus the light source on the artwork, indicating that it is not suitable for this application.
LED lamps can improve color quality and power efficiency compared to fluorescent lamps. When purchasing a product, check the technical specifications of the LED product (such as CCT, CRI, etc.) to ensure that the product is suitable for the basic requirements of the application. However, color indicators are sometimes the same as the information seen by the human eye and do not effectively convey the color quality of the light. Therefore, a physical model is needed to analyze and evaluate concretely.
The simple color and beam indicators are not comprehensive and do not predict the actual effect of the fixture after installation. Therefore, before purchasing a large number of replacement lamps, it is very important to look at the actual effects of installing some lamps.
In 2001, BPA used an art projection lamp replacement as an energy project to replace PAR38 halogen lamps with 15W and 23W compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). GATEWAY demonstrated the optical performance of CREE's PAR3812W LED lamps and two types of CFLs, such as light intensity, power, energy consumption, and lifetime. Although the CFL emits more light than the Corei PAR3812W LED, the LED light distribution is narrower, reducing the intensity of the wall above the artwork and concentrating light on the artwork. And, compared to 23WPAR38 and 15WR30CFL, LED can increase the vertical illumination contrast between artwork and wall.
The goals of the GATEWAY project include improving the visibility of the hall artwork, showing the lighting quality of the work, and the appearance of the lighting of the new LED replacement lamp. At the same time, BPA is also concerned about the energy and cost saving potential of this new technology, and in cooperation with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), reports on the lighting performance before and after the retrofit of the lamps.
First, the comparison of LED lamp and CFL display effect Table 1 shows the comparison of the characteristics between CFLs and LED lamps. Two different types of CFL lamps are installed in different locations in the hall. Both fluorescent lamps have divergence angles above 110°, while Cree LEDs are only 18°. The optical density of the LED product center beam is significantly higher than that of a fluorescent lamp. The fluorescent lamp is about 300, and the LED reaches 4465, which allows the LED lamp to concentrate more light in the local area.
The spectrum of the CFL is weaker in the long wavelength red range, and it looks yellowish green compared to halogen or LED lamps. Cree LED can provide better luminous quality and, like the halogen incandescent lamp spectrum, has a high color rendering index. In terms of the color rendering index, the two CFLs have a display index of 82, and the second Cree LED reaches 93, because the Cree LED lamps have more energy distribution in the long-wavelength red spectral region.
The three lamps are similar in terms of power and light efficiency, so the highlight of Cree LED applications is not energy saving and high brightness. In fact, the full lumen output of the Cree LED is only a little more than half that of the 23W compact fluorescent lamp. Its advantage lies in the ability to focus the light beam in a small cone, which is particularly suitable for local lighting. Cree LED lights emit less light in large angle areas.
When considering the use of local lighting for comparison of luminaires, the central beam candela value and the full spectrum distribution of the luminaire are much more important than the pure light flux or light efficiency.
In short, Cree LED lights can increase the contrast between the artwork and the surrounding wall, making the color of the artwork look more distinct. Table 2 briefly illustrates the different lighting conditions caused by different lamps. In the wall above the artwork, compared with the 23W fluorescent lamp, the average vertical illumination of the Cree LED is reduced because it concentrates more light on the surface of the artwork. From the contrast can be analyzed, CFL is only 0.5, and the contrast of the LED lamp reaches 1.9, which greatly enhanced the lighting effect of the artwork.
Second, the comparison and analysis of the cost of lamps and lanterns The new LED lamp has a higher purchase cost, but these excess charges can theoretically be offset by its lower power consumption and maintenance costs.
In this retrofit project, the LED replacement lamps all work on an automatic control circuit. They work 12 hours a day, 5 days a week, and a total of 52 weeks (3120 hours/year). The effective life of LEDPAR38 is 50,000 hours. According to the above, the equivalent is 16 years. The average life span of the two fluorescent lamps is 8000 hours, which is equivalent to 2 years and 6 months.
In the United States, there is a large gap between the prices of commercial electricity in different states or different regions. The average retail price given by the United States in April 2011 was about 0.1$/KWh, and the price range was from the highest of 0.284$/KWh in Hawaii to the lowest value of 0.0695$/KWh in Utah. In general, LED products are economically able to withstand high electricity tariffs because the energy savings they bring are sufficient to compensate for their own high sales prices.
The annual replacement cost of the Bonneville Power Bureau CFLR30 lamp is approximately $424.69, and the CFLPar38 is $537.26, which includes labor costs. In the same situation, the new LED lamp replacement costs about 275.56$ per year. However, LED lights will not be damaged or need to be maintained during the 16-year life cycle.
Third, the selection of lighting experience summary For local lighting, not only need to compare the product's luminous flux and power, but also need to focus on measuring its light distribution characteristics. In the use of projection lamps in the lobby of the Bonapart Power headquarters, fluorescent lamps have reduced the loss of electrical power to a great extent compared to PAR38 halogen lamps, but the light distribution effect has failed to reach the standard. The LED light solves this problem very well, because it has a small divergence of light, so that the lighting effect of the artwork itself is much better than the surrounding wall. When considering the choice of lamps and lanterns, such as the launch angle and the central emission optical density and other factors, should be used together with the luminous flux, power as a test index.
LED replacement lamps may not be considered as a value-for-money lamp compared to other high-efficiency light sources (such as CFL), but this is not the key to replacement. The economic rate of return is only partially dependent on the difference in power between the current system and the replacement system. Although fluorescent lamps are very energy-efficient, LEDs need more time to reflect their economic value. The CFL cannot focus the light source on the artwork, indicating that it is not suitable for this application.
LED lamps can improve color quality and power efficiency compared to fluorescent lamps. When purchasing a product, check the technical specifications of the LED product (such as CCT, CRI, etc.) to ensure that the product is suitable for the basic requirements of the application. However, color indicators are sometimes the same as the information seen by the human eye and do not effectively convey the color quality of the light. Therefore, a physical model is needed to analyze and evaluate concretely.
The simple color and beam indicators are not comprehensive and do not predict the actual effect of the fixture after installation. Therefore, before purchasing a large number of replacement lamps, it is very important to look at the actual effects of installing some lamps.
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