Profile picture of the Luohan bed in the Ming Dynasty
When modern mahogany furniture encountered "Waterloo", the auction price of Ming and Qing furniture kept rising, so how to distinguish the authenticity of Ming and Qing furniture?
The furniture of the Ming Dynasty developed on the basis of Song and Yuan furniture. There are three main places of origin: the "royal supervision" of the Royal Beijing, Suzhou and Guangzhou, the private production centers. The variety of Ming-style furniture is very rich. The ones that have been preserved so far mainly include stools and chairs, several cases, cabinets, bed couches, and benches. In addition, there are surrounding screens, insert screens, floor screens, etc. which are used as barriers. Ming-style furniture mostly uses hardwoods such as rosewood, rosewood, chicken wing wood, and Qianli, as well as nanmu, camphor wood, walnut, elm, and other hard woods, of which yellow pear is the best. These hardwoods are soft in color, clear in texture, hard and elastic. This material has a great influence on furniture modeling structure and artistic effect. Because the wood is hard and elastic, and hardwood is a more precious wood, the cross-section of the material is very small. Therefore, the styling is simple, straight and light. Due to the beautiful color and texture of the wood itself, Ming-style furniture is rarely applied with painted paint. Simply applying transparent wax can fully show the texture and natural beauty of the wood itself. Material selection is one of the important parts of the design.
The craftsmanship of Ming-style furniture is fine and reasonable, all of which are combined with precise and ingenious tenon joints, and the large flat plate is embedded in the frame groove by the edge-saving method, which is solid and firm, and can adapt to the changes of cold, hot, dry and wet. The ratio of height to width and narrowness may be based on the appearance of applicable beauty, or it may help to correct the unsatisfactory posture. The decoration is mainly based on plain surface, and partly decorated with small areas of lacquer carving or openwork, which is complicated and simple, simple but not simple, beautiful and not complicated. The outline of the whole body and the outline of the decorative part emphasize that there is a circle in the square, the square in the circle and the thread are penetrated at once, and there are small zigzag changes. The furniture lines are strong and fluent. The overall length, width and height of the furniture, the balance between the whole and the part, and the balance between the part and the part are very suitable.
By the Qing Dynasty, furniture craftsmanship and modeling had become cumbersome, and the pursuit of richness and luxury was blindly pursued. Because the complicated carvings destroyed the overall sense of modeling, the touch was not good. But in the folk, the furniture still follows the "Ming style" program, retaining the simple and concise style. According to the research of scholars, furniture workers in the Qing Dynasty used tenon instead of surface decoration; Beijing made heavy wax work, which was better than swim bladder; Guang Zuo emphasized on carving work, focusing on carving decoration. Decoration methods include wood carving and inlaying. Wood carving is divided into line carving (yang carving, Yin carving), bas relief, deep relief, open carving, round carving, lacquer carving (tick rhino, pick red); inlaid with snail, wood, stone, bone, bamboo, ivory, jade, enamel, Glass and gold, silver, metal ornaments, etc. The decorative patterns are mostly used to symbolize auspiciousness, multi-children, prosperity, longevity and longevity, Guanyun Hengtong and other flowers, characters, birds and beasts. Furniture components often have a decorative effect, such as carving on the short sides of the long sides, straight rails, and the legs of the stiles; or replacing the short columns with components shaped like jihuahua and ancient coins. In particular, the shape of the foot changes the most. In addition to the straight leg, the cylindrical leg, and the square leg, there are three curved legs, slub legs, etc .; the middle end of the leg is either a waist or no waist, or a convex carved flower shape, Beast head; foot end has beast claws, horseshoes, leaf curling, tread beads, inversion, valgus, inlaid copper sleeves, etc. The waist changes from high to low, and some add fish door holes and lines; there are openwork tooth baffles between the side legs. The red-tipped dragon stand on display in the Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City in Beijing, the Taichung chair of the Luodian collection in the Palace Museum of Shenyang, the square table of the ancient coins fly pattern, the book table of the red sandalwood scroll, the dressing table of the Luodian, and the five-screen Luodian couch are all the essence of the Qing Dynasty furniture.
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