On February 28, Chang Zuoyi, dean and chief engineer of the Institute of Nuclear Energy and New Energy Technology of Tsinghua University, was interviewed by China Economic Weekly.
Inland China may build a nuclear power plant, the China Economic Weekly: Inland nuclear power plants still have considerable controversy on technology and safety. What do you think?
Zhang Zuoyi: Based on careful compliance with the state's nuclear safety and environmental protection laws and regulations, and careful decision-making, we can build nuclear power plants inland without premise of a major jump in nuclear power. First, most of the international nuclear power plants are built inland. From the United States to France, and then to Russia, it is not said that the nuclear power plant can be built on the coast and cannot be built inland. Second, in order to ensure the safety of reactors, such as the cooling problem of decay heat, inland nuclear power can also be satisfied. It needs very little water and only needs 10 tons of water per hour. A fire truck runs back and forth. Third, on the radioactive emissions associated with normal operations, nuclear power plants with the same power are no higher than coal-fired power plants. At the same time, avoid burning large amounts of coal, and emit acid rain, greenhouse gases, and dust. Fourth, the issue of radioactive waste water discharge can meet the requirements of national laws and regulations. It can also propose higher requirements and can be solved technically. At present, radioactive waste water discharged from nuclear power plants in operation in our country has been treated very cleanly, far below the requirements of environmental protection. We can see many coastal nuclear power plants next to where many people can still swim.
China Economic Weekly: What are the criteria for choosing a nuclear power plant site?
Zhang Zuoyi: Nuclear power site selection has very strict requirements. The underground and underground humanities and so on have requirements and must undergo a rigorous review. In other words, this place allows nuclear power stations to be built. It depends on astronomical geography. There must be no earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, etc. that exceed the fortification standards. There should be no fracture zone, no close proximity to the fire source, no airline routes in the sky, and the population cannot be close. Large towns, users who are close to electricity, etc., are very strict. There are not many sites that can really meet the nuclear power standards. Even if the selected site can not be built at last, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Nuclear Safety Administration and other departments will also be required to speak. This “talk†has to undergo a rigorous review. In accordance with the requirements, the reviewed site is a scarce resource and should be well protected.
"China Economic Weekly": The construction of a nuclear power plant takes 10 to 20 years. Why is everyone still keen to go to nuclear power plants?
Zhang Zuoyi: This is not entirely an economic interest, but there are also environmental effects. If you do not set up a nuclear power plant, you must burn coal. There is also controversy about coal-fired power and hydropower. There are immigration and demolition of hydropower, and the site of nuclear power is very small, affecting relatively few people. Now everyone hopes that it is best to have a plug and a plug. But where does electricity come from? Where does energy come from? China has burned 3 billion to 4 billion tons of coal by burning large quantities of coal, and the whole world is against it. The biggest environmental problem now is greenhouse gas emissions, and China is already the largest emitter of carbon dioxide. To burn these billions of tons of coal, many people die each year. Relying on wind power and solar energy can not afford the needs of 1.3 billion people. As a big country with a population of 1.3 billion, China cannot be without nuclear power. Nuclear power plants are very clean if there are no major nuclear accidents.
The safety level of China's nuclear power is guaranteed. China Economic Weekly: At present, there are no nuclear power plants in the world that are running and third-generation nuclear technologies have been built. Does this mean that even if the third-generation nuclear technology is used to build nuclear power plants, there are risks?
Zhang Zuoyi: Nuclear power has a metaphor, but it is not a substitute. Technological progress is a gradual process. The life of a nuclear power plant is more than 40 years old. We cannot give up the older generation because of the emergence of a new generation. The old generation of technology has accumulated experience, mature technology, and continuous improvement, it can also meet the safety requirements. The third generation of nuclear power is based on previous successful experience. After 20 years of development, a large number of scientific experiments have been conducted. Its safety is not based solely on calculations. On the basis of the successful construction of the introduction of four nuclear power generating units, the construction of three generations of nuclear power units will continue, and the risks are relatively small and controllable.
"China Economic Weekly": If an extremely large nuclear power plant is built inland, how can a major nuclear power accident be avoided?
Zhang Zuoyi: China's nuclear power security level is guaranteed under steady development.
First of all, the entire decision-making of nuclear power is a major decision made by the State Council. This decision takes into consideration a very cautious decision under the factors of the well-being of our people, the safety of nuclear power, and the technical level of nuclear power.
Second, China is one of the nuclear powers and has accumulated a good foundation in the past 50 years. Due to its late-advantage, China's current nuclear power unit under construction is at the advanced level in the world. However, we must avoid the development of the Great Leap Forward.
Third, we must work hard to avoid a major accident. From the past practice, it is possible to do it. At the Fukushima Daiichi Nippon Nuclear Power Plant, there was no major accident in the same earthquake and tsunami, indicating that it is technically possible.
Fourth, we must prepare for emergency. Japan’s practice shows that even if an accident such as Fukushima occurs, damage can be minimized. For example, there was no death or serious injury to the Fukushima nuclear accident, and the earthquake and tsunami had brought about 20,000 deaths.
Fifth, to further promote nuclear power safety technology.
It should be specifically stated that the nuclear safety of China is monitored by the National Nuclear Safety Administration. The National Nuclear Safety Administration is completely in accordance with international norms and is fully in line with foreign countries. The regulation of nuclear power is much stricter than the national food and medicine. It uses the same laws and regulations as foreign countries. The same is true in operation and execution.
"China Economic Weekly": From the current situation, it seems that there are some hidden security problems?
Zhang Zuoyi: From the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the State Administration of Nuclear Safety as the competent authority, we are constantly discovering new problems, constantly improving and constantly strengthening them. Absorbing the lessons from Fukushima will make this demand even higher. In order to avoid tsunami, nuclear power plants have now been required to step up measures to prevent flooding.
Nuclear power is the world trend "China Economic Weekly": It is learned that the National Energy Administration will establish a new nuclear power division, and the National Nuclear Safety Administration will adjust to three divisions on the basis of one division. Is this news true?
Zhang Zuoyi: After the Fukushima incident, nuclear safety regulators have been making adjustments. At present, nuclear safety agencies have basically been adjusted. Because the power station is built much more, it needs more people to supervise. The Nuclear Safety Administration is supervising what each nuclear power plant can do today and what it can do tomorrow. The staff of the Nuclear Safety Administration are actually talents in nuclear power reactor technology, radiation protection technology, and equipment manufacturing technology. The National Energy Administration is also strengthening this section.
"China Economic Weekly": Objectively, what is the level of development of China's nuclear power compared with foreign countries?
Zhang Zuoyi: When China developed nuclear power in the 1970s and 1980s, China did not. During the period from 1980 to 2000, the national nuclear power did not develop much. In fact, it was also worried that our equipment and technical experience could not keep up, and it was also considered from the perspective of safety. The Qinshan Daya Bay nuclear power station with a truly commercial scale in our country was only available in the early 1990s. Until recent years, we have entered a relatively normal period of development. However, South Korea has developed faster. When we engage in corruption, it is not clear what they are nuclear, but their existing nuclear power equipment can already be exported. Nuclear power is not only electricity, but also a strategic industry of a country. It is a high-end manufacturing industry.
"China Economic Weekly": Does it mean that the future is not just China, nuclear power is a development trend in the world?
Zhang Zuoyi: Yes. If China does not do this, we may introduce it again in the next round. We are a nuclear power. If Mao Zedong and Zhou Zhou were hesitant in the past, for example, if someone had said that they had engaged in nuclear spending and were unsafe, what would happen in the event of an accident? China is not a nuclear power, and it won't be corrupt.
Inland China may build a nuclear power plant, the China Economic Weekly: Inland nuclear power plants still have considerable controversy on technology and safety. What do you think?
Zhang Zuoyi: Based on careful compliance with the state's nuclear safety and environmental protection laws and regulations, and careful decision-making, we can build nuclear power plants inland without premise of a major jump in nuclear power. First, most of the international nuclear power plants are built inland. From the United States to France, and then to Russia, it is not said that the nuclear power plant can be built on the coast and cannot be built inland. Second, in order to ensure the safety of reactors, such as the cooling problem of decay heat, inland nuclear power can also be satisfied. It needs very little water and only needs 10 tons of water per hour. A fire truck runs back and forth. Third, on the radioactive emissions associated with normal operations, nuclear power plants with the same power are no higher than coal-fired power plants. At the same time, avoid burning large amounts of coal, and emit acid rain, greenhouse gases, and dust. Fourth, the issue of radioactive waste water discharge can meet the requirements of national laws and regulations. It can also propose higher requirements and can be solved technically. At present, radioactive waste water discharged from nuclear power plants in operation in our country has been treated very cleanly, far below the requirements of environmental protection. We can see many coastal nuclear power plants next to where many people can still swim.
China Economic Weekly: What are the criteria for choosing a nuclear power plant site?
Zhang Zuoyi: Nuclear power site selection has very strict requirements. The underground and underground humanities and so on have requirements and must undergo a rigorous review. In other words, this place allows nuclear power stations to be built. It depends on astronomical geography. There must be no earthquakes, tsunamis, floods, tornadoes, etc. that exceed the fortification standards. There should be no fracture zone, no close proximity to the fire source, no airline routes in the sky, and the population cannot be close. Large towns, users who are close to electricity, etc., are very strict. There are not many sites that can really meet the nuclear power standards. Even if the selected site can not be built at last, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the National Nuclear Safety Administration and other departments will also be required to speak. This “talk†has to undergo a rigorous review. In accordance with the requirements, the reviewed site is a scarce resource and should be well protected.
"China Economic Weekly": The construction of a nuclear power plant takes 10 to 20 years. Why is everyone still keen to go to nuclear power plants?
Zhang Zuoyi: This is not entirely an economic interest, but there are also environmental effects. If you do not set up a nuclear power plant, you must burn coal. There is also controversy about coal-fired power and hydropower. There are immigration and demolition of hydropower, and the site of nuclear power is very small, affecting relatively few people. Now everyone hopes that it is best to have a plug and a plug. But where does electricity come from? Where does energy come from? China has burned 3 billion to 4 billion tons of coal by burning large quantities of coal, and the whole world is against it. The biggest environmental problem now is greenhouse gas emissions, and China is already the largest emitter of carbon dioxide. To burn these billions of tons of coal, many people die each year. Relying on wind power and solar energy can not afford the needs of 1.3 billion people. As a big country with a population of 1.3 billion, China cannot be without nuclear power. Nuclear power plants are very clean if there are no major nuclear accidents.
The safety level of China's nuclear power is guaranteed. China Economic Weekly: At present, there are no nuclear power plants in the world that are running and third-generation nuclear technologies have been built. Does this mean that even if the third-generation nuclear technology is used to build nuclear power plants, there are risks?
Zhang Zuoyi: Nuclear power has a metaphor, but it is not a substitute. Technological progress is a gradual process. The life of a nuclear power plant is more than 40 years old. We cannot give up the older generation because of the emergence of a new generation. The old generation of technology has accumulated experience, mature technology, and continuous improvement, it can also meet the safety requirements. The third generation of nuclear power is based on previous successful experience. After 20 years of development, a large number of scientific experiments have been conducted. Its safety is not based solely on calculations. On the basis of the successful construction of the introduction of four nuclear power generating units, the construction of three generations of nuclear power units will continue, and the risks are relatively small and controllable.
"China Economic Weekly": If an extremely large nuclear power plant is built inland, how can a major nuclear power accident be avoided?
Zhang Zuoyi: China's nuclear power security level is guaranteed under steady development.
First of all, the entire decision-making of nuclear power is a major decision made by the State Council. This decision takes into consideration a very cautious decision under the factors of the well-being of our people, the safety of nuclear power, and the technical level of nuclear power.
Second, China is one of the nuclear powers and has accumulated a good foundation in the past 50 years. Due to its late-advantage, China's current nuclear power unit under construction is at the advanced level in the world. However, we must avoid the development of the Great Leap Forward.
Third, we must work hard to avoid a major accident. From the past practice, it is possible to do it. At the Fukushima Daiichi Nippon Nuclear Power Plant, there was no major accident in the same earthquake and tsunami, indicating that it is technically possible.
Fourth, we must prepare for emergency. Japan’s practice shows that even if an accident such as Fukushima occurs, damage can be minimized. For example, there was no death or serious injury to the Fukushima nuclear accident, and the earthquake and tsunami had brought about 20,000 deaths.
Fifth, to further promote nuclear power safety technology.
It should be specifically stated that the nuclear safety of China is monitored by the National Nuclear Safety Administration. The National Nuclear Safety Administration is completely in accordance with international norms and is fully in line with foreign countries. The regulation of nuclear power is much stricter than the national food and medicine. It uses the same laws and regulations as foreign countries. The same is true in operation and execution.
"China Economic Weekly": From the current situation, it seems that there are some hidden security problems?
Zhang Zuoyi: From the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the State Administration of Nuclear Safety as the competent authority, we are constantly discovering new problems, constantly improving and constantly strengthening them. Absorbing the lessons from Fukushima will make this demand even higher. In order to avoid tsunami, nuclear power plants have now been required to step up measures to prevent flooding.
Nuclear power is the world trend "China Economic Weekly": It is learned that the National Energy Administration will establish a new nuclear power division, and the National Nuclear Safety Administration will adjust to three divisions on the basis of one division. Is this news true?
Zhang Zuoyi: After the Fukushima incident, nuclear safety regulators have been making adjustments. At present, nuclear safety agencies have basically been adjusted. Because the power station is built much more, it needs more people to supervise. The Nuclear Safety Administration is supervising what each nuclear power plant can do today and what it can do tomorrow. The staff of the Nuclear Safety Administration are actually talents in nuclear power reactor technology, radiation protection technology, and equipment manufacturing technology. The National Energy Administration is also strengthening this section.
"China Economic Weekly": Objectively, what is the level of development of China's nuclear power compared with foreign countries?
Zhang Zuoyi: When China developed nuclear power in the 1970s and 1980s, China did not. During the period from 1980 to 2000, the national nuclear power did not develop much. In fact, it was also worried that our equipment and technical experience could not keep up, and it was also considered from the perspective of safety. The Qinshan Daya Bay nuclear power station with a truly commercial scale in our country was only available in the early 1990s. Until recent years, we have entered a relatively normal period of development. However, South Korea has developed faster. When we engage in corruption, it is not clear what they are nuclear, but their existing nuclear power equipment can already be exported. Nuclear power is not only electricity, but also a strategic industry of a country. It is a high-end manufacturing industry.
"China Economic Weekly": Does it mean that the future is not just China, nuclear power is a development trend in the world?
Zhang Zuoyi: Yes. If China does not do this, we may introduce it again in the next round. We are a nuclear power. If Mao Zedong and Zhou Zhou were hesitant in the past, for example, if someone had said that they had engaged in nuclear spending and were unsafe, what would happen in the event of an accident? China is not a nuclear power, and it won't be corrupt.
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